Blog: Archeoleg: PAS Cymru

You might have heard of various archaeological artefacts being declared treasure by coroners, but what exactly does this entail?

Treasure hearings are one of the most cheerful aspects of a coroner’s job. Amongst all the heartache and mourning that goes with knowing the ins and outs of people’s (sometimes tragic) passing, many coroners look forward to declaring pieces of the past treasure. Not only do these items bring the coroner pleasure, but they are landmark pieces of local history that have been hidden from us for hundreds of years.

Last Thursday, 15^th March, Mark Layton, HM Coroner for Pembrokeshire, declared 6 local discoveries treasure at Milford Haven Coroners Court - and I was privy to the process. First and foremost, I learned that what goes on in the court is mostly a formality. The experts at NMW offer thoroughly researched reports and advice on whether each item is treasure and Coroner’s Clerk, Gareth Warlow, compiles all the evidence prior to the hearing.

This particular hearing was full of some really stunning pieces, including a beautiful 16^th Century gilt ring and a fragment of a silver Viking arm ring. The arm ring is an important piece in the puzzle that is Pembrokeshire’s possibly Nordic-influenced past. Finder, Ken Lunn was there to witness the confirmation of his landmark discovery being officially declared treasure.

But it was a post-medieval silver scabbard chape that really drew in the crowds. With the landowner attending as well as the finder’s entire family! While it may sound surprising for this to be a family affair, it is certainly exciting to see a piece of metal you have discovered on an old patch of land be confirmed as an important enough part of local history to have it marked as treasure. If only more finders would attend and take part in celebrating their role in helping the experts to build up a bigger picture of Wales’ rich history – even if it was a quick stop before Birthday lunch!

After recording each artefact and offering any comments or objections to be voiced by both landowner and finder, Mr Layton declared all the objects treasure and they will now be sent on the intrepid journey to the British Museum for valuation. They will then be acquired by Welsh museums thanks to the Saving Treasures; Telling Stories Project, funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund.

It may be a long, arduous road for these little glimpses of history, but it’s important they are accurately recorded so we don’t miss on any little glimmer of light they may shine on the past.

Click here for more information on Saving Treasures; Telling Stories.

Hi, Eirini here – I am a student intern in the Archaeology and Numismatics department at NMW, Cardiff. I’ve been taking a look at the museum’s extensive coin collection and will be creating a series of blogs on each of them.

Today I am looking at ancient coins from my home country of Greece. The collection of Greek coinage dates back to over 2000 years ago, but the designs are in great condition. They are all made of silver or gold and we can see the development of currency through them – beginning with rough coins that look like ingots to detailed chunky coins featuring Emperors faces, some from Macedonia and Byzantium as well as famous leaders like Alexander the Great.

I’ve picked my two favourite coins from the collection:

Alexander the Great, Macedonian Drachma

4 Drachum from Pella, Macedonia (dating to 315BC) features Alexander wearing a lion skin, the symbol of Greek hero Hercules, on the front with Alexander’s name inscribed on the back next to an image of Zeus. This design was mimicked by Emperors following Alexander’s death.

I like that this coin is in such good condition. We can see the details of Alexander’s face – it’s impressive considering the tools they had! You can read the inscription clearly despite how old it is.

Byzantine Empress Theodora, Constantinople Nomisma

 A gold tetarteron dating from the reign of Theodora (AD 1055-1056) featuring a portrait of Theodora holding a sceptre and orb, on the other side is a depiction of Jesus Christ. The same iconography of Jesus was used on other Byzantine emperors’ coins, but with their own portraits in place of Theodora’s.

I like how this coin is also in great condition, however, the artwork is much simpler on Byzantine coins with less intricate detailing.

Next week, I will be looking at some Roman coins - a common metal detectorist find in Wales. Greek coins, unfortunately, aren't found in Wales as Greece never invaded the British Isles! Remember to always report any findings to the Portable Antiquities Scheme to allow us to keep learning from the past.

Wrexham Museum is currently hosting their Buried in the Borderlands community archaeology project, a project based around a hoard of Medieval silver and gold coins and a stunning sapphire and gold ring discovered by metal detectorists in Bronington.

Thomas and Leon are students working hard on the Bronington Hoard project at Wrexham Museum, learning about the value of the coins and archaeology. Read more about them here.

The duo have been keeping us updated of their work experience progress. Leon has been working on an information booklet about the hoard while Tom has been focused on making a craft session for the children who come to the museum.

“I’ve been looking into some ways to make coins out of clay or foam board and some paint. I’ve also been looking at ways to be able to print the patterns on the coins onto the craft coins,” explains Tom. All their effort has been paying off, as the boys are getting involved with events this Easter holiday time.

“We’ve recently decided what we’ll be doing in our craft session during the Easter holidays. We’ll be making coins! We’ll be introducing families to the hoard and get them to make their favourite coin out of clay. The clay and metallic paint we’ve ordered arrived this week! We look forward to seeing some of you at our ‘Make & Take’ craft session at the museum on Tuesday, April 3rd, 10.30am – 12.30pm.”

Leon explains that they are also excited to hosting a visit from History Matters, a 15th century re-enactment group who are visiting Wrexham Musuem on May 30^th. “They’ll be showing us and our visitors all about everyday life when the hoard was buried,” explains Leon. “We’re looking forward to learning about what people and ate. It’d be great to see you there! You might even spot us in period dress.”

Meanwhile, Leon has been working on an information booklet for visitors for when the hoard actually goes on display at the museum in March. “It’s more difficult than I first thought!” he admits, “trying to write enough information and make it interesting without being too dull or boring. I’m getting great help from the museum staff though. My booklet will be translated, designed and printed so I’m looking forward to getting all the information written to share with you.”

Click here for a full list of events being held at Wrexham Museum

The Buried in the Borderlands Project is funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund via the Saving Treasures; Telling Stories Project.

As we are sure you are aware, there's a lot that goes on behind the scenes at the National Museum of Wales, including research, conservation and work experience. This week is Student Volunteering Week and in honor of this, we have taken the time to find out a little bit more about one of our interns, Eirini...

Profile

Name: Eirini Anagnostou

Job title/ Role: Intern

Department: History and Archaeology, National Museum Cardiff

Where you are you from?

Greece

What are you studying?

I am a student of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, studying Archaeology and History of Art

Why did you choose to study Archaeology and History of Art?

I've been interested in Art since high school, particularly Contemporary but also Renaissance and Byzantine art and I am also interested in cultural history and civilisations.

What are you doing here?

Erasmus+ placement programme, working as an intern updating the Portable Antiquities Scheme Cymru database – I’ve worked here for 2 months so far!

What are your main duties?

Using the Photoshop programme and processing images of artefacts found by mainly metal detectorists to go on the PAS database.

Next week I will be doing some photography, and working on developing stories on a collection of Ancient Greek coins. I am also hoping to have input into the development of an exhibition concept.

Why did you come to Cardiff?

I visited Cardiff three years ago and I liked the city. I chose the National Museum because it is one of the biggest museums in the UK. I think it’s a good experience for my personal development and future aspirations.

Are you enjoying your time in Cardiff?

Yes, Cardiff is a lovely city with friendly people. There are many things to do and a beautiful castle!

What have you enjoyed the most about working at NMW?

The working environment here is very friendly and helpful. I’ve learnt a lot and I’ve had the opportunity to see the galleries – I was amazed at the extensive collection of Impressionist paintings!

Have you seen anything that’s not currently on display that particularly interested you?

I’ve never seen so many artefacts before – I’ve never seen bones and prehistoric artefacts like those collected in the museum’s stores, and I enjoyed having the opportunity to see them.

What do you hope to learn from this experience?

I hope to learn how a museum works because I’d like to do a Masters in Museum Studies and possibly become a curator. I am still deciding where to study for my Masters degree. I also am enjoying experiencing living abroad and I hope to continue travelling for a couple more years.

To see more content related to the Portable Antiquites Scheme and the Saving Treasures; Telling Stories Project, a project currently working with PAS and local metal detectorists and communities to record all archaeological findings, click here.

Swansea has a whole host of treasures just lying within its midst, from the Red Lady of Paviland to the 4200 year old flint dagger that formed the basis for Saving Treasures; Telling Stories first Community Archaeology project, ‘The Lost Treasures of Swansea Bay’. With the rip roaring tides, miles of beaches and hidden caves waiting to be discovered, you’d expect the sea (for which the city is named) to occasionally stir up something significant; but what about an unassuming Welsh livestock farm? Doesn’t sound like the setting for a major archaeological discovery, does it? Suprisingly, that’s exactly where local man, Geoff Archer, picked up one half of a Middle Bronze Age copper-alloy palstave axe mould dating somewhere between 1400-1200 BC.

It was over two decades ago when Geoff first picked up a metal detector, having first taken it up as a hobby after he got married. But it wasn’t until he retired last year that he was able to really get out into the field, and armed with a pair of wellies and a brand spanking new detector, he decided to venture to one of his old jaunts – a farm not far from his home.

“Over the last few nights I’d been thinking about going to the farm and something was telling me to go to the right hand side of it, just to walk the fields,” he explains, “so that’s what I did.” After traipsing around in the mud for a few hours, Geoff stumbled upon a patch of uneven terrace he couldn’t help but investigate.

Unearthing History

“I got to the lumpy, bumpy parts, had a couple of signals – nothing much.” But then Geoff had another signal, “a cracking signal” and realised it was time to dig around in the dirt to find out what it was. Figuring it would just be another case of random odds and sods, or a coke bottle lid (they find an abundance of litter!) he was surprised to hear a clunk.

“I hit this bloomin’ great big stone, so I dug around it, lifted up a clod of earth” and underneath yet another stone he noticed something interesting inside the muddy cave, something not made of rock. “What the heck’s that?” he thought, picking up the oddity with care. 

“I pulled it out and on the back end of the mould there’s, like, ribs.” This prompted Geoff to recall a discovery he made about 15 years ago, when he wasn’t so rehearsed in Bronze Age metalwork.

“Going back, must be about 15 years ago, I found an item - I didn’t know what it was. I wasn’t experienced enough then. So this item, I took it home and I put it in the garage, as most detectorists do!” He had a feeling it was important but wasn’t sure why.

After a few years of picking the item up off his work bench and trying to decipher its meaning, Geoff decided to take it up to the kitchen and do some research. “So I started buying books to research Roman, believe it or not, alright? So, I bought this book and I was looking through it. I got to the part for the Stone Age, read that. Then I got to the Bronze Age, and I turned a couple of pages and there was the item I’d found! Bronze Age Axe Head. My jaw just dropped, right? And the Bronze Age Axe Head had ribs on the outside.”

Devastatingly, Geoff has misplaced the axe head, which he is now, more than ever, desperate to locate – and even more upsetting still, it’s the same type of axe as the mould he discovered 15 years later would have been built to make. “It’s what they call a loop, I think it’s got two loops on this one, each side, where they used to put, if you can imagine, the Bronze Age axe head. It’s flat, but this part at the back, its round and they put it over the wood and then they loop it, they tie it onto the wood to secure it.”

Monumental findings

When Geoff uncovered the mould, he immediately realised its importance thanks to his previous finding – but he still wasn’t entirely certain of what it was he’d discovered. “On the inside of the mould, there’s like a round piece, like in the middle part. I honestly thought at that time that it was a bit off a tractor, because it was so… the engineering of it, the precision engineering of it! But in the back of my mind I was thinking it can’t be off a tractor because it’s got these ribs at the back from this Bronze Age axe that I found.”

After digging out some modelling clay and experimenting, he came to the realisation that what he’d found was an axe head mould. Geoff phoned up one of his buddies at Swansea Metal Detectorist Club for a second opinion and after a positive diagnosis by them both, he took it along to a club meeting.

“As it so happened, it was our ‘Find of the Month’ meeting!” Geoff explains. “So I won find of the month for the artefact and Steve, our Finds Liaison Officer, said ‘you’d better show this to someone in Cardiff because they are going to be interested.’ So, photographs were sent to Cardiff [National Museum of Wales] and they wanted to see it. I went with Steve to Cardiff and the mould’s been there ever since!”

Mark Lodwick, the Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS) Cymru Co-Ordinator at The National Museum of Wales in Cardiff confirmed Geoff’s identification and has recorded the item so it can be used in further research and study.

Under the Treasure Act, the mould isn’t classed as ‘treasure’, so why is it so special? “It’s the only one that’s been found in South West Wales,” Geoff enthuses, “and it’s the second one that’s been found in Wales. The other one was found in a hoard of axes in Bangor in the 1950’s, so this is the first one that’s been found since then!”

Preserving the past

Geoff is in utter disbelief that he was the one to stumble across the important artefact, which has been conserved at the National Museum of Wales, Cardiff, but, eventually he’d like it to end up back home at Swansea Museum.

Having reported the axe mould to the museum, Geoff sees this as an important part of his role as a treasure hunter. Letting other people view the item, he says, “gives other people a chance to understand about their locality, of what’s been going on.”

“I think it opens up a new chapter in [Swansea’s history]. There’s a bit of history regarding the Bronze Age but to find something like an axe making product in Swansea, which has never been found before - it opens up a new chapter of where these people were living and how far were they living on the fields of that farm,” explains Geoff. “That’s my quest now I suppose, is to try and find out – keep walking the fields and I might find the other half, I don’t know.”

With hopes of the axe mould ending up in Swansea Museum, Geoff is keen that people will be interested in viewing his remarkable find. “The more publicity it gets the better!” he says. “The more people who know about this the better as far as I am concerned, because it’s the first one to be found in South West Wales and the second one to ever be found in Wales – so don’t tell me that’s not important.”

To discover more about Swansea’s Bronze Age history and see some fascinating Neolithic archaeological artefacts visit Swansea Museum, entry is free!

Words: Alice Pattillo

Mae’n fis Mehefin ac rydym wedi dewis silicon i fod yn elfen y mis. Efallai na fyddai rhywun yn meddwl yn syth bod i silicon arwyddocâd arbennig i Gymru, ond mae iddo hanes diddorol.

Mae silicon (symbol cemegol – Si, rhif atomig – 14) yn solid crisialog caled ond brau, sydd â sglein metalig llwydlas. Silicon yw’r elfen fwyaf cyffredin ond un (tua 28% o ran màs) yng nghramen y Ddaear. Ocsigen yw’r elfen fwyaf cyffredin ac mae i’r ddwy elfen affinedd cryf. O ganlyniad i hynny, cymerodd tan 1823 i wyddonydd – Jöns Jakob Berzelius – baratoi silicon yn ei ffurf bur.

Yng Nghymru, mae silicon i’w gael ym mhobman bron ar ryw ffurf neu’i gilydd: o gwarts (silicon deuocsid, SiO₂) mewn tywodfeini, amryfeini a cherrig silt gwaddodol; i silicadau cymhlyg mewn creigiau igneaidd a metamorffig; a gwaddodion mewn priddoedd.

Bu silica (silicon deuocsid, neu gwarts) yn cael ei gloddio’n helaeth yn ardal Pontneddfechan, de Powys, o ddiwdd y 18^fed ganrif tan 1964 a’i ddefnyddio i wneud brics tân ar gyfer odynau a ffwrneisi. Mae’n digwydd ar ffurf deunydd pur iawn o ddwysedd uchel mewn cwartsit mewn uned ddaearegol o’r enw Grutfaen Gwaelodol neu Dywodfaen Twrch. Wrth i’r cwartsid gael ei hindreulio a’i erydu, gadawyd dyddodion o dywod silica a gafodd ei gloddio'n helaeth i wneud brics tân gwrthsafol ar gyfer y diwydiannau mwyndoddi.

Yn y gogledd, bu masnach weddol ddi-nod mewn creigrisial – math di-liw, tryloyw o grisial cwarts – yn Eryri yn ystod y 18^fed ganrif a’r 19^eg ganrif wedi’i chanoli o gwmpas pentref Beddgelert. Mae T. H. Parry-Williams yn cyfeirio at hyn yn un o’i Ysgrifau.  Roedd mwynwyr a thywyswyr mynydd yn chwilota am wythiennau cwarts yn y mynyddoedd ac yn casglu crisialau i’w gwerthu i dwristiaid. Mae’n bosib bod rhai wedi'u defnyddio i wneud canwyllyrau crisial. Yn ddiweddarach, câi crisialau eu canfod yn achlysurol yn y chwareli llechi enfawr neu wrth fynd ati ar raddfa fawr i greu lonydd ar dir fforestri yn yr 1960au.

Mae silicon, ar ffurf silica (enw arall am silicon deuocsid) yn bwysig i rai organebau hefyd, yn enwedig ddiatomau a sbyngau.

Algâu microscopig ungellog sydd â chellfur cymhlyg wedi'i wneud o silica yw diatomau. Maent i’w cael yn helaeth ym mhob math o ddŵr, maent yn cynhyrchu ocsigen a chânt eu bwyta gan organebau eraill yn y dŵr. Yn aml, defnyddir diatomau i fonitro ansawdd dŵr.

Mae sbyngau’n adeiladu eu sgerbydau o fframwaith o elfennau bychan, bach o’r enw sbigylau. Yn y rhan fwyaf o grwpiau o sbyngau, gwneir y rhain o silica.  Ymhlith yr enghreifftiau harddaf mae sbwng gwydraidd Cawell Gwener, sy’n byw wedi’i angori wrth wely’r dyfnfor ger y Philipinau.  Mae pâr o berdys yn byw y tu mewn i’r sbwng, gan baru y tu mewn a threulio’u holl fywyd wedi’u gwarchod oddi mewn i’r waliau gwydraidd cain.  Diolch i’r berthynas symbiotig anghyffredin hon, mae sgerbydau marw Cewyll Gwener yn anrheg briodas boblogaidd yn Japan.

Sbyngau yw’r math mwyaf cyntefig o anifail ar y Ddaear, ac mae eu sbigylau gwydn yn ymddangos fel ffosilau yn dyddio o hyd at 580 miliwn o flynyddoedd yn ôl. Yn ogystal, mae silica’n chwarae rhan bwysig yn gwarchod mathau eraill o ffosilau.  Pan gleddir anifeiliaid neu blanhigion marw, gall silica o ddŵr daear lenwi’r mandyllau a mannau gweigion eraill mewn pren, esgyrn neu gregyn, a/neu gall gymryd lle’r deunyddiau gwreiddiol wrth iddynt bydru neu hydoddi.   Mae hyn yn digwydd amlaf mewn ardaloedd lle mae llawer o silica yn y dŵr daear, oherwydd gweithgaredd folcanig neu am fod creigiau ac ynddynt lawer o silica wedi erydu.   Mae’r olion organig yn ganolbwynt ar gyfer ffurfio deunyddiau silica, ac yn aml mae’r graig sydd o gwmpas y ffosilau wedi’i gwneud o fwynau gwahanol.  Er enghraifft, wrth i gregyn a wnaed yn wreiddiol o galsiwm carbonad hydoddi, gall silica gymryd lle’r calsiwm carbonad, a chânt eu ffosileiddio mewn calchfaen (calsiwm carbonad).  Mae’n hawdd tynnu’r ffosilau trwy roi’r graig mewn asid a disgwyl iddi hydoddi, gan adael y ffosilau a siliceiddiwyd ar ôl.  Yng nghasgliadau ffosilau’r Amgueddfa, ceir llawer o gregyn wedi’u siliceiddio – braciopodau, amonitau, bryosoaid a chreaduriaid morol eraill.

Un o’r mathau mwyaf trawiadol o ffosil a siliceiddiwyd yw ‘pren petraidd’.  Daeth silica i gymryd lle celloedd gwreiddiol y pren wrth iddo bydru ac i lenwi unrhyw fylchau, gan ei ‘droi’n garreg’ yn llythrennol.  Mewn rhai mannau, yn cynnwys Patagonia a'r Unol Daleithiau, gwelir bonion coed cyfan lle disodlwyd y pren gan silica yn yr hyn a elwir yn ‘fforestydd petraidd’.  Ceir planhigion eraill, fel conau, wedi’u ffosileiddio fel hyn hefyd.

Craig a wneir o grisialau bach iawn o silica yw cornfaen neu siert.  Ffurfiwyd llawer o ddyddodion cornfaen mawr ar waelod cefnforoedd hynafol o ‘forlaid silicaidd’, a wnaed o sgerbydau miliynau o organebau bach iawn yn cynnwys diatomau a rheiddiolion (plancton ungellog).  Gall cnepynnau cornfaen ffurfio oddi mewn i greigiau eraill hefyd trwy brosesau cemegol.   

Gelwir cornfaen sydd mewn sialc yn fflint, a bu’n ddeunydd pwysig iawn ar gyfer gwneud tŵls yn y cyfnod Cynhanesyddol. Gwneir y tŵls trwy naddu’r fflint, hynny yw trwy daro ymyl y fflint sydd wedi’i baratoi, neu lwyfan taro, â charreg galetach er mwyn rhyddhau darnau o’r enw naddion neu lafnau.  Yna, gellir addasu’r naddion neu’r llafnau hyn ac, yn wir, y craidd y cânt eu taro ohono a’u gwneud yn dŵls cywrain. Ymhlith y rhai mwyaf cywrain mae pennau saethau main, yn cynnwys y rhain o fedd o’r Oes Efydd yn Breach Farm, Bro Morgannwg. Gan amlaf, fflint oedd y dewis cyntaf ar gyfer gwneud offer torri miniog am fod ei raen mor fân a’i fod yn hollti’n gregynnaidd ac yn lân i roi ymyl dorri finiog iawn. Yn wir, i’r fath raddau nes bod straeon am lawfeddygon y llygad yn defnyddio llafn fflint newydd ei dorri i drin llygaid cleifion weithiau!

Gan fod graen mân iawn i gornfaen a’i fod yn galed iawn, gall ddal ffosilau o bethau bach iawn o gyfnod pell iawn yn ôl yn hanes ein planed.  Credir mai mewn cornfeini y ceir y ffosilau hynaf ar y Ddaear, ac maent yn cynnwys olion posibl bacteria dros 3 biliwn o flynyddoedd oed.  Mae ffosilau iau, o Gornfaen Rhynie o ogledd yr Alban, yn rhoi cipolwg i ni ar un o’r cymunedau cynharaf ar dir, 400 miliwn o flynyddoedd yn ôl.  Cadwyd manylion cywrain planhigion ac anifeiliaid syml, yn cynnwys creaduriaid cyntefig tebyg i gorynnod, a sgorpionau, diolch i ddŵr llawn silica o ffynhonnau folcanig poeth.

Math hydradol o silica yw opal, sy’n golygu ei fod yn cynnwys rhwng 3 a 21% o ddŵr.  Yn wahanol i silica arferol, nid oes iddo ffurf crisialog penodol, ond mae rhai o’i ffurfiau’n diffreithio goleuni, gan greu effaith symudliw hardd mewn nifer o wahanol liwiau.  Am y rheswm hwn, mae opal wedi’i werthfawrogi ers canrifoedd fel gem ar gyfer gwneud tlysau crog, modrwyau a mathau eraill o emwaith.  O Awstralia y daw llawer o opal y byd, ac fe geir yno ffosilau prin ac ysblennydd wedi’u hopaleiddio hefyd.  Daeth opal i gymryd lle cregyn infertebratau fel belemnitau (creaduriaid cynhanesyddol tebyg i fôr-lewys [squid]), a hyd yn oed esgyrn deinosoriaid, gan greu sbesimenau lliwgar iawn mewn byd lle mai llwyd neu frown yw ffosilau gan amlaf.

Rydym yn dal i nodi blwyddyn ryngwladol tabl cyfnodol yr elfennau cemegol a dewis Mai yw plwm. Mae pawb yn gwybod bod plwm yn drwm (neu’n ddwys, a bod yn fanwl gywir) ond wyddech chi pa mor bwysig oedd plwm i Ymerodraeth Rhufain?

Dwys, defnyddiol a dansherus – plwm yn oes y Rhufeiniaid

Yn oes y Rhufeiniaid, roedd plwm yn cael ei ddefnyddio'n helaeth ledled yr Ymerodraeth. Daw’r symbol cemegol Pb o’r gair Lladin plumbum, a dyma hefyd yw gwreiddyn plwm yn Gymraeg.

Mae’r gwaith o echdynnu mwyn plwm yn eithaf syml ac roedd cyflenwad digonol ohono mewn ymerodraeth oedd yn ehangu’n barhaus. Yn ogystal â bod yn hawdd ei ganfod a’i echdynnu, mae plwm yn feddal ac yn hydrin, gyda phwynt toddi eithaf isel o 327.5°c (digon isel i doddi mewn tân gwersyll), ac mae’n llawer mwy dwys a thrymach na metelau cyffredin eraill. Gellir ei gastio hefyd. Roedd felly’n cael ei gynhyrchu’n helaeth a’i ddefnyddio at gant a mil o ddibenion, diwydiannol a domestig.

Roedd y Rhufeiniaid yn enwog am eu systemau plymio, ac wrth i bibellau plwm gymryd lle carreg a phren datblygodd systemau mwy soffistigedig. Yn 2011 wrth i dîm o Brifysgol Caerdydd gloddio ar y Canaba Deheuol yng Nghaerllion, canfuwyd enghraifft o bibell ddŵr blwm yn agos at yr amffitheatr. Mae’n 0.12m o ddiamedr ac yn bolio yn y canol lle'r unwyd dau ddarn ag uniad wedi'i sodro. Gwelir olion coler crwn a hoelion haearn trwyddo yn un pen (i'r chwith yn y llun) a chredir mai dyma lle y byddai’n cysylltu â phibell neu danc pren. Gwelir pibell gulach yn arwain o’r brif bibell fyddai’n cael ei defnyddio mae’n debyg i gyflenwi dŵr i ffynnon neu bistyll addurnol yn adeilad mawr y cwrt gerllaw.

Gan fod plwm yn hawdd ei drin a’n toddi ar dymheredd eithaf isel, roedd yn ddefnyddiol iawn ar gyfer gwaith sodro ac atgyweirio, mewn ffitiadau pensaernïol ac i leinio blychau. Câi ei ddefnyddio fel math o Rawlplug hyd yn oed. Gan ei fod mor ddwys roedd yn ddelfrydol fel pwysyn, a chan ei fod mor gyffredin roedd yn ddigon rhad i’w ddefnyddio at bob math o ddibenion bob-dydd; o gynwysyddion, i lampau, labeli bagiau a phob math o stampiau. Câi ei ddefnyddio mewn paent, meddyginiaeth a cholur a hyd yn oed i felysu a lliwio gwin. Efallai’n bwysicaf oll, mae’r rhan fwyaf o fwynau plwm yn cynnwys ychydig bach o arian ac weithiau roedd yr arian yn werth mwy na’r plwm. Mewn economi mor ddibynnol ar arian, roedd y sgîl-gynnyrch gwerthfawr hwn yn bwysig iawn.

Mae’r stamp bara plwm a ganfuwyd yng Nghae Prysg, Caerllion (llun ar y dde) yn enghraifft ardderchog o ddefnydd bob-dydd plwm. Câi bara ei bobi mewn popty canolog yn y Gaer gyda phob Cwmni’n defnyddio’r stampiau i hawlio eu dogn am y diwrnod. Stamp ‘Cannwr Cwintin’ sydd yn y llun isod.

Mae lampau fel y lamp blwm syml hon o Gelligaer ger Caerffili (ar y dde) yn ganfyddiadau cyffredin ar safleoedd Rhufeinig . Roedd yn rhad ac ymarferol. Byddai’r brif ran yn cael ei llenwi â gwêr (braster anifeiliaid) a byddai’r wic yn codi i’r rhan uwch.

Y llechen felltith drawiadol (ar y dde) o Gaerllion yw’r unig un a ganfuwyd yng Nghymru hyd yn hyn. Mae’n dangos yn glir pa mor hydrin a meddal yw’r metel ac yn arwydd o’i statws diwylliannol fel metel ‘diwerth’. Wedi’i chrafu ar wyneb y plwm mae melltith yn erfyn am gymorth y dduwies Nemesis i ddial ar leidr clogyn ac esgidiau.

Mae gwaith ymchwil yn dangos bod llythrennau holl arysgrifau Caerllion wedi’u paentio â lliw o’r enw litharg (PbO) neu blwm coch. Mae olion y lliw coch i’w gweld o hyd ar arysgrif carreg a ganfuwyd yn Amffitheatr Caerllion (ar y dde).

Gan fod plwm mor drwm, roedd y Rhufeiniaid yn ei ddefnyddio fel pwysyn neu i ddal pethau i lawr. Canfuwyd croesfar angor yn arddull Môr y Canoldir yn perthyn i long nwyddau fechan oddi ar arfordir Pen Llŷn ym Mhorth Felen, Aberdaron.

Roedd y Rhufeiniaid yn castio eu plwm yn ingotau o’r enw ‘hychod’. Roedd mwyngloddiau plwm cyntaf Prydain dan reolaeth uniongyrchol yr Awdurdodau Rhufeinig, cyn eu trosglwyddo’n ddiweddarach i ofal asiantau lleol dibynadwy fyddai’n codi tâl ar gwmnïau lleol am brydles. Mae arwyddnod un o’r asiantau hynny, Gaiws Nipiws Ascaniws, i’w weld ar 'hwch' blwm Rufeinig a ganfuwyd yng Ngharmel, Chwitffordd. Ar enghreifftiau eraill o Brydain gwelir nodau fel “EX ARG” (Ex argentariis) i ddangos ei bod yn dod o waith arian-plwm, neu Deceangl[icum] i ddangos mai plwm o ardal Tegeingl (Sir y Fflint) ydoedd.

Plwm yn y Gymru Rufeinig

Yn ôl Plini, roedd cloddio am blwm yn waith llafurus iawn yn Sbaen a thaleithiau Gâl ond, ym Mhrydain, roedd i’w gael yn haen uchaf y ddaear a bod cymaint ohono fel y pasiwyd deddf yn gwahardd unrhyw un rhag cloddio mwy na swm penodol ohono. (Naturalis Historia, Llyfr 34, Pennod 49)

Roedd plwm mor bwysig, dechreuodd y Rhufeiniaid gloddio amdano bron yn syth wedi cyrraedd Prydain. Roedd ardal Mendip o gwmpas Charterhouse yng Ngwlad yr Haf yn ardal bwysig ar gyfer mwyngloddio plwm gyda thystiolaeth i gloddio yno mor bell yn ôl ag OC49. Y Fyddin oedd yn rheoli’r gwaith cloddio i ddechrau, sef Ail Leng Awgwstws ym Mryniau Mendip bryd hynny. Efallai’n wir bod eu profiad yn goruchwylio gwaith y mwyngloddiau plwm o fudd pan symudodd y Lleng i’w pencadlys newydd yng Nghaerllion yn OC74/5.

Yn ardal coedwig Draethen ger Machen Isaf, roedd lefel yr arian yn y mwyn plwm yn eithaf uchel – yn sicr yn debyg i gynnyrch Bryniau Mendip ac yn uwch nag unrhyw rannau eraill o dde Cymru. Mae Draethen tua 10 milltir o Gaerllion, tua’r un pellter o gaer Rufeinig Gelligaer ac yn agosach fyth at y gaer yng Nghaerffili. Ym 1937, wrth adeiladu ffordd osgoi newydd ym Machen Isaf, dadorchuddiwyd anheddiad Rhufeinig, yn cynnwys tystiolaeth o lawr gweithio gyda haenau o siarcol, llawer o ddarnau o blwm a lympiau o fwyn plwm.  Yn ôl Nash-Williams (Archaeologia Cambrensis, 1939), mae’r ffaith bod y crochenwaith a’r darnau arian bath a ganfuwyd yn rhai mor gynnar yn awgrymu bod Machen Isaf yn sicr yn nwylo’r Rhufeiniaid erbyn i fyddin Rhufain orffen goresgyn de Cymru yn OC75, ac o bosib cyn hynny. Mae crochenwaith a ganfuwyd yn ddiweddarach yn awgrymu eu bod yn yr ardal rhwng tuag OC70 a 100.

Ym 1965, archwiliwyd y ‘Mwynglawdd Rhufeinig’ yn Draethen, gan fwrw rhagor o oleuni ar waith y Rhufeiniaid yn cloddio am blwm yn yr ardal. Byddai’r Rhufeiniaid yn echdynnu plwm drwy gynnau tân coed yn erbyn y graig i’w chynhesu i dymheredd uchel cyn taflu dŵr oer neu finegr drosti. Byddai hyn yn hollti’r graig yn ddarnau llai y gellid eu didoli â llaw. Câi’r gwastraff ei bacio i siambrau ochr a chilfachau cyn cludo’r mwyn i’r wyneb ar hambyrddau pren neu mewn sachau lledr a bwcedi pren. Mae’r dystiolaeth o’r Mwynglawdd Rhufeinig yn cyfateb yn union i hynny. Canfuwyd siarcol trwy’r mwynglawdd i gyd, hyd yn oed yn y twneli lleiaf, ac roedd y siambrau ochr yn llawn gwastraff. Roedd waliau a thoeau’r twneli wedi’u gorchuddio â phatina du trwchus a achoswyd gan lawer iawn o fwg. Golygai’r holl fwg yn hefyd bod yn rhaid i’r Rhufeiniaid suddo siafftiau bob hyn a hyn i greu tynfa aer drwodd ac roedd llawer o allanfeydd fel hyn ym mhrif dwnnel y Mwynglawdd Rhufeinig. Ni chanfuwyd offer yno ond mae olion ceibio i’w gweld drwy’r twneli.

Pwy oedd yn gweithio yn y mwyngloddiau? Yn Archaeologia Cambrensis, 1939, mae Nash-Williams yn tybio mai caethweision a charcharorion dan oruchwyliaeth gwarchodfilwr oedd yn gweithio yn Draethen gyda’r anheddiad dan ofal swyddog o’r llywodraeth. Mae’n debygol y byddai’r mwynwyr yn marw’n ifanc, ac o weld cyn lleied o le oedd i weithio mewn rhannau o’r mwynglawdd mae’n bosibl mai plant oedd rhai o’r gweithwyr.

Cliciwch y dolenni am adroddiad manwl ar fwyngloddiau plwm Draethen a chanfyddiadau datgloddio'r mwynglawdd.

Rheoli Sylweddau Peryglus i Iechyd (COSHH) - Gwenwyn plwm yn oes y Rhufeiniaid

Er bod plwm yn ddefnyddiol iawn, mae hefyd yn wenwynig. Os caiff ei lyncu neu ei anadlu, mae plwm yn cyrraedd llif y gwaed gan amharu ar y broses o gynhyrchu haemoglobin a ddefnyddir gan gelloedd coch i gario ocsigen. Pan fydd lefelau plwm yn y gwaed yn cynyddu, mae'n cael effaith ddifrifol iawn ar y corff, gan gynnwys niwed niwrolegol parhaol. Mae’n effeithio’n waeth ar blant gan fod meinwe’r corff yn feddalach a’r ymennydd yn dal i ddatblygu.

Mae’n amlwg o’r hyn a ysgrifennwyd ar y pryd bod y Rhufeiniaid yn ymwybodol o beryglon plwm ac yn gwybod y gallai achosi gorffwylledd a marwolaeth.

Yn Naturalis Historia, ysgrifennodd Plini am y mygdarth gwenwynig a godai o’r ffwrneisi plwm. Yn De Architectura, mae Vitruvius yn awgrymu y dylid defnyddio pibellau priddwaith i gludo dŵr am fod dŵr o bibellau plwm yn niweidiol. Dywed y gellid cadarnhau hynny trwy edrych ar weithwyr plwm, oedd yn llwyd eu gwedd. Wrth gastio plwm, meddai, roedd y mygdarth yn glynu wrth y gwahanol aelodau ac yn eu llosgi bob dydd gan ddinistrio grym y gwaed, "Felly, ni ddylid cludo dŵr mewn pibellau plwm ar unrhyw gyfrif os dymunwn iddo fod yn iachus.” Yn De Medicina, mae Celsus yn annog defnyddio dŵr glaw, wedi’i gludo trwy bibellau priddwaith i danc dŵr â chaead drosto.

Ond er bod rhai’n rhybuddio rhag defnyddio plwm, roedd mor bwysig ac yn cael ei ddefnyddio mor gyson fel ei bod bron yn amhosibl dygymod hebddo. Mae’n debyg na wyddai’r rhan fwyaf o Rufeiniaid am y peryglon a’u bod yn dal i ddefnyddio plwm o ddydd i dydd.

Wrth astudio lefelau plwm mewn pobl o’r cyfnod Brythonig-Rufeinig, gall ymchwilwyr gael darlun gwell o lefelau normal gwahanol ardaloedd. Mae hefyd yn eu galluogi i fod yn fwy hyderus wrth adnabod mewnfudwyr i ardal benodol. Mewn astudiaethau isotopau o olion y dyn a ganfuwyd yn yr arch yng Nghaerllion, gwelwyd bod crynodiad y plwm yn ei ddannedd yn bedair rhan i bob miliwn (ppm). Mae hyn yn nodweddiadol o rywun yn yr ardal honno ar y pryd.

Llygredd plwm yn yr Henfyd.

Mae defnydd helaeth y Rhufeiniaid o blwm yn rhoi cipolwg hynod ddiddorol ar hynt yr ymerodraeth. Yn 2018, dadansoddwyd creiddiau a gymerwyd o len iâ yr Ynys Las gan Sefydliad Ymchwil Aer Norwy a dangoswyd nad problem gyfoes yn unig yw llygredd amgylcheddol. Gellir canfod llygredd o fwyngloddiau plwm yn yr haenau o iâ a gwelir yn glir bod llygredd yn digwydd yn yr henfyd. Llwyddodd yr ymchwilwyr i ddefnyddio’u mesuriadau o lygredd plwm i olrhain digwyddiadau a thueddiadau hanesyddol o bwys. Dangosir yn glir bod llai o lygredd plwm ar adegau o ryfel, wrth i'r ymladd dorri ar draws y gwaith cynhyrchu, cyn cynyddu eto mewn cyfnodau sefydlog a llewyrchus.  Bu cynnydd sylweddol mewn llygredd plwm o ddiwedd Gweriniaeth Rhufain trwy 200 mlynedd gyntaf Ymerodraeth Rhufain, cyfnod y Pax Romana. Mae’r mesuriadau’n dangos cwymp yr Ymerodraeth fawr yn glir hefyd. Daeth Pla Antwn yn OC165 – pandemig difrifol o’r frech wen neu'r frech goch yn ôl haneswyr. Bu farw bron i bum miliwn o bobl dros 15 mlynedd, ac er i’r Ymerodraeth oroesi’r pla, nid felly’r economi. Gwelir hyn yn amlwg yn lefelau isel y plwm yn yr haenau iâ dros flynyddoedd y Pla a’r canrifoedd dilynol. Daw lefelau uchel y plwm yng nghyfnod y Pax Romana i ben ar yr union adeg pan darodd y Pla ac ni chyrhaeddir lefelau tebyg am fwy na 500 mlynedd.

Dilynwch y ddolen am ragor o wybodaeth diddorol am ymchwil plwm yr Ynys Las.

Yng nghasgliadau daeareg yr amgueddfa gwelir llawer o enghreifftiau o fwyn plwm o Gymru a’r byd gan gynnwys sylffid plwm, neu galena, prif fwyn plwm. Wedi 1845 (pan ddechreuwyd cadw cofnodion swyddogol) cynhyrchwyd dros 1.2 miliwn tunnell o blwm crynodedig o fwyngloddiau Cymru ond gan fod hanes y mwyngloddio’n mynd yn ôl i gyfnod y Rhufeiniaid o leiaf, dylai’r ffigwr hwnnw fod gryn dipyn yn uwch.

Caiff mwynau eu lliwio’n hardd iawn o ganlyniad i hindreulio naturiol ac ocsideiddio mwynau plwm. Gwelir rhai enghreifftiau yma. Nid yw pob mwyn sy’n cynnwys plwm yn wenwynig ­ – mae rhai cyfansoddion sy’n cynnwys plwm yn sefydlog iawn. Dangosodd arbrofion bod modd sefydlogi tomenni sy’n cynnwys plwm trwy ocsideiddio peth o’r plwm yn ffosffad fel pyromorffit neu plwmbogwmit.

I gydnabod hyn, bydd Amgueddfa Cymru yn cynnal cyfres o flogiau misol, pob un yn trafod gwahanol elfen gemegol a’i harwyddocâd i Gymru. Cadwch lygad yn agored am y rhain trwy gydol y flwyddyn ar ein gwefan.

I ddechrau ein cyfres o flogiau, ym mis Ionawr rydym yn trafod arian.

Mae arian (symbol cemegol – Ag), rhif atomig 47, yn un o saith metel gwreiddiol alcemi a châi ei gynrychioli gan symbol y lleuad ar gynnydd. Mae arian yn fetel gwerthfawr ond ni fu erioed mor werthfawr ag aur.

Mae arian wedi chwarae rhan bwysig yn hanes Cymru ond nid yw hyn yn cael llawer o sylw. Yn rhan fwyaf gogleddol Ceredigion, ger pentref Goginan, mae nifer o hen fwyngloddiau a fu ymhlith cynhyrchwyr arian mwyaf toreithiog Ynysoedd Prydain. Mae bron yn sicr bod y Rhufeiniaid wedi darganfod y gwythiennau o fwynau llawn metelau yn y ddaear, ond y Frenhines Elisabeth I oedd yn gyfrifol am eu datblygu fel mwyngloddiau arian.

Dywed rhai mai Thomas Smythe, Prif Swyddog Tollau Porthladd Llundain a ddarganfu’r swm sylweddol cyntaf o arian ym mwynglawdd Cwmsymlog ym 1583. Mae’n llawer mwy tebygol mai Ulrich Frosse, peiriannydd mwyngloddio o’r Almaen a wnaeth y darganfyddiad a rhoi gwybod i Smythe. Roedd ganddo ef brofiad o gloddio am arian ac ymwelodd â’r mwynglawdd tua'r un pryd â Smythe. Yn ystod teyrnasiad Elisabeth I, amcangyfrifir bod pedair tunnell o arian wedi’i gloddio o fwyngloddiau Ceredigion.

Gwnaeth y Brenin J I a’r Brenin Siarl I elw sylweddol o’r mwyngloddiau (cynhyrchwyd 7 tunnell yn nheyrnasiad y naill a 100 tunnell yn nheyrnasiad y llall). Yn wir, ym 1638, penderfynodd Siarl I sefydlu bathdy yng Nghastell Aberystwyth gerllaw. Oherwydd ei lwyddiant, cafodd ei ddinistrio gan Oliver Cromwell a’r Seneddwyr yn ystod Rhyfel Cartref Lloegr ym 1646.

Mae gan Amgueddfa Cymru enghreifftiau o’r llu o ddarnau arian bath wedi’u gwneud o arian a fathwyd yn Aberystwyth. Un peth sy’n nodweddiadol ohonynt yw’r tair pluen ar y naill ochr a’r llall. Mae nod y llyfr bychan agored ar y darnau’n dangos mai Thomas Bushell a gafodd yr arian o fwyngloddiau Ceredigion a ran y Company of Mines Royal.

Mae'r mapiau a'r planiau a gynhyrchwyd i farchnata'r mwyngloddiau arian i fuddsoddwyr ymhlith y rhai cynharaf i'w cynhyrchu ym Mhrydain. Yn Llyfrgell Amgueddfa Cymru, mae sawl fersiwn o fapiau William Waller a gynhyrchwyd ar gyfer y Company of Mine Adventurers ym 1693 a 1704 ynghyd â Fodinae Regales Syr John Pettus a gyhoeddwyd ym 1670.

Cafodd un o’r mwyngloddiau, Bwlch yr Esgair Hir, ei frolio fel Potosi Cymru a defnyddiwyd peth o’r arian a gloddiwyd yno i wneud jwg ddŵr ac arni'r arysgrif ‘The Mines of Bwlch-yr-Eskir-hir’, tua 1692. Fodd bynnag, methiant oedd y mwynglawdd. Ni chynhyrchwyd cymaint o arian â’r disgwyl erioed ond problem ddaearegol oedd hyn yn hytrach na diffyg yn y dulliau cloddio. Efallai bod y safle’n fwyaf adnabyddus am ei ran mewn achos cyfreithiol yn erbyn rheolaeth y Goron dros fetelau gwerthfawr. Dygwyd yr achos gan y tirfeddiannwr Syr Carbery Pryse yn 1693 a rhoddodd derfyn ar ormes y Mines Royal.

Parhawyd i fwyngloddio arian mewn modd cynhyrchiol yng ngogledd Ceredigion, yn gyntaf o dan y Company of Mine Adventurers ac yna, trwy gydol y Chwyldro Diwydiannol, gan nifer o gwmnïau preifat. Cynhyrchwyd cyfanswm o dros 150 tunnell o fetel arian yn y rhan hon o Gymru.

Yn rhyfedd iawn, cymerodd tan y 1980au i ddaearegwyr adnabod y mwyn sy’n gyfrifol am fod cymaint o arian yr y rhan fechan hon o Gymru. Ei enw yw tetrahedrit – mwyn yn cynnwys copr, sinc, haearn ac antimoni sylffid – ac mae arian yn gallu cymryd lle peth o’r copr, y sinc a’r haearn sydd ynddo. Cofnodwyd bod hyd at 18%, yn ôl pwysau, o’r tetrahedrit o fwynglawdd Esgair Hir yn arian. Mae sbesimenau pwysig o fwynau a ddefnyddiwyd i adnabod y tetrahedrit yn cael eu cadw yn ein casgliadau daearegol yn yr Amgueddfa.

Nid oes metel arian naturiol yn weladwy yn yr un o fwyngloddiau Cymru ond mae rhai o’r enghreifftiau gorau yn y byd gan yr Amgueddfa yn ei chasgliad o fwynau. Mae’r sbesimenau, o fwynglawdd Kongsberg yn Norwy, o ansawdd eithriadol a chawsant eu caffael yn yr 1980au fel rhan o gasgliad R. J. King.

The National Museum Cardiff was happy to host a behind the scenes tour to Brecon Detectorists, a group of keen treasure hunters who jumped at the opportunity to delve into the Amgueddfa Cymru – National Museum Wales archives.

David Hingley set up Brecon Metal Detecting club in 2011 and is enthusiastic about promoting responsible metal detecting to its members. “Everyone who comes through that door has a condition of membership – everything over a certain age has got to be registered for the Portable Antiquities Scheme, I insist upon it,” David explains. “We’re a small club, we’ve basically capped ourselves at 10. At the moment we’re 9, we’ve had a new guy just started, the big fella, Tom.”

And newcomer, Tom Haines, is no stranger to historical finds. Even before joining the club, he shared David’s passion for responsible detecting. While out walking his dog one day last year, Tom discovered a Bronze Age knife; which he reported to the Portable Antiquities Scheme so it could be properly excavated.

“By reporting it, archaeologists might want to dig it, and that ended up being the case,” he recalls. “I could have taken it home, plonked it in my own collection and no one would have learnt anything from it and it would have just crumbled away. It’s being properly preserved and looked after and archaeologists can learn a lot from it.”

The knife was just the tip of the iceberg, however, and his discovery led archaeologists to unearth a Bronze Age burial site, complete with cremated human remains. “They found a bronze age pin in there so it was a good thing that I didn’t disturb that!” The knife and pin, as well as the urn in which they (and charred bone) were discovered is currently pending through the treasure process. The hoard will likely be acquired by Brecon Museum thanks to the Saving Treasures* project.

It’s this interest in preserving archaeological artefacts that brought the club to the museum – to discover just how important their finds can be to museum researchers, conservationists and of course, archaeologists and historians.

The club’s tour kick started in the stores with Portable Antiquities Scheme Wales Liaison Officer, Mark Lodwick, where they were able to view and handle some fascinating Bronze Age axe heads. Among them was a ribbed socketed axe head found in Llancarfan, Vale of Glamorgan back in 2013 that was curiously stuffed with another, bent axe head and (seemingly) ritualistically buried.

From the stores, the group moved onto the conservation labs. Conservationists Louise Mumford and Owen Lazzari were on hand to answer any queries they may have when it comes to storing their non-treasure finds and show the club some exciting pieces they are currently working on. One of the most impressive pieces was a Viking period sword from Hawarden, which had been wrapped in textile and showed traces of a horn grip – all of which had been preserved by the rust formed on the sword! When x-rayed, the amount of original metal sword that had been left was minimal, so if the rust had been removed, Louise would not have been able to find the horn and textile traces and the sword would have been indistinguishable. Luckily, with careful excavation the sword could be professionally conserved and the horn and textile discovered – these elements could easily have had all traces of removed if proper procedure was not followed.

Another fascinating find in the conservation labs was a late Iron Age or Romano-British tankard, found as part of a hoard at Langstone that was still mostly in-tact, the wood having been preserved – a very delicate piece indeed!

The club were then able to see artefacts come to life in the art department, with resident artist Tony Daley.

David Hingley believes the visit to the museum was very helpful for both himself and his members: “I can understand the need for detectorists to be instructed in how to handle and store artefacts, and that more literature should be made available.” He explained that he learnt a lot and this new information can be put into immediate practise within in the club. David already keeps his own extensive coin collection (all of which have been processed and recorded by Mark Lodwick at AC-NMW) in acid free paper envelopes – essential for preventing further metal corrosion!

 “All the clubs try to instigate in all their members that you’ve got to detect responsibly. You’ve got to have permission and you’ve got to have the right gear. If you dig a hole in someone’s field – you’ve got to look at it from your own perspective - What would you say to someone if they came into your back garden and dug a hole in your lawn and then left it without filling it? You’d go mad, wouldn’t you?”  But this isn’t the only aspect of responsible detecting and David is keen to promote the other obligations detecting requires, such as the preservation of the objects themselves, “I am continually preaching to our members!”

David feels that more metal detectorists could benefit from taking the time to learn about the role of museums and conservation in particular. “In the field you watch detectorists kick open clods to see what’s in it - they do not seem to understand that it could contain a very fragile artefact a couple of hundred years old; and they break it or they find equally fragile artefacts and put them in pockets and not containers.”

*Saving Treasures; Telling Stories is helping museums in Wales to acquire the important finds discovered by metal detectorists like David, Tom and their club members. For more information on the project, click here.

Hello, Michelle and Alisha here – we are third year journalism students from the University of South Wales.

We are at the National Museum of Wales, Cardiff, on a one-week work placement with Saving Treasures; Telling Stories. We thought it would be interesting to study a topic completely unknown to us for our work experience, to broaden our understanding of history and how it affects us.

To begin our week, we were introduced to several museum professionals in the Archaeology department and had the opportunity to learn about the day to day running of museums and see all the work that goes on behind the scenes!  

Before working at the museum, we thought that treasure was what we’d seen in the movies - glittering chests of gold coins and shiny jewels! But when we were shown the stores in the cellar, we realised that not all artefacts are pretty to look at and many items declared treasure are of higher historical value than financial reward.

We were able to see the Conservation department, where they work to restore and carefully conserve items for the museum collections. This includes archaeological artefacts, but also pieces from the department of natural history.

After our initial exploration of the museum, our task for the week was to produce an article investigating how museums are funded and how beneficial donating archaeological finds can be to museum collections. In order to create the article, we were set a number of tasks, this included carrying out several over the phone interviews with museum curators from various museums across Wales. With plenty of research, we finally got down to business and wrote the feature, which will hopefully be published very soon!

We have really enjoyed our week in the museum, learning new things. We will miss our new friends – Alice and Rhianydd, who have been really kind and attentive during our placement. We look forward to coming back to visit and seeing new items being declared treasure.

For more information about the Saving Treasures; Telling Stories Project, in association with the Heritage Lottery Fund and the Portable Antiquites Scheme in Wales, click here.