: Casgliadau ac Ymchwil

The COVID-19 Questionnaire – revisiting collecting methods of the past

Elen Phillips, 15 Mai 2020

At this moment in time, museums across the world are launching initiatives to collect objects and personal stories relating to COVID-19.

This pandemic has raised a raft of questions for all museums, especially in relation to how they collect the current crisis in meaningful, ethical and sensitive ways. At Amgueddfa Cymru, we routinely collect the here and now (think Brexit, the Women's March etc.), but the enormity of this pandemic – its impact on individuals and communities across Wales – is unlike any other national event we have documented in recent decades.

Today, we launched a digital questionnaire as a first step towards creating a national COVID-19 collection at Amgueddfa Cymru, to be archived at St Fagans National Museum of History. With your help, through the questionnaire, we hope to collect personal stories (written testimony, photographs and films) from across the country to create a comprehensive picture of life in Wales during the lockdown and beyond. We will also use the responses to identify and collect objects which could, in the future, represent the 3D memory of COVID-19 in Wales.

By doing this, we are revisiting a collecting methodology which is rooted in the Museum’s history, and is indicative of the early collecting practices of Dr Iorwerth Peate – the first curator of St Fagans. In December 1937, Dr Peate, who at the time was based at the National Museum of Wales in Cathays Park, published a questionnaire which was sent to 493 respondents across Wales. Launched in a decade largely defined by economic hardship and unemployment, it asked participants to provide information about the domestic, public and cultural life of their local area. Although developed by Iorwerth Peate, the questionnaire’s introduction was penned by the Museum’s Director, Cyril Fox:

This questionnaire has been prepared in the hope that persons in each parish in Wales will study the life of that parish on the lines indicated therein… The pamphlet indicates the direction in which the Welsh public can help in the work of this Department and its National Museum… Photographs and drawings will be gladly received… It is hoped, moreover, that correspondents, once they have established contact, will keep in constant touch with the Museum so that the Department is kept well-informed of any developments which are relevant to its work.

In preparing the questionnaire, the Museum was effectively asking the people taking part to become regular informants, to use their community knowledge to assist with developing a collection which would later form the basis for the creation of the Welsh Folk Museum at St Fagans in 1948. 

Questionnaires and blank ‘answer books’ requesting information on a range of subject areas were in regular use by the Museum up until the 1980s, and today the responses received (almost 800 in total) form a significant part of the archive collection at St Fagans.

Another collecting method pioneered by the Museum under the direction of Iorwerth Peate was the collecting of oral testimony. Following a public appeal launched on BBC radio in March 1958, St Fagans embarked on the systematic collecting of oral traditions and dialects. The funds raised allowed the Museum to buy recording equipment to undertake the work, including an EMI TR51 portable recorder, and a DC/AC converter, with two acid batteries and yards of cable, to record people in remote areas without electricity. A Land Rover was also purchased, fitted-out with wooden units made by the Museum’s carpenter to house the recording equipment.

Today, we have over 12,000 recordings in the archive, and in recent years we have become a repository for oral histories collected by community groups and organisations across Wales – from Mencap Cymru to Merched y Wawr.

The Land Rover may be long gone, but recording people’s lived experiences is still an important part of the collecting work we do, now more than ever. We very much hope that the COVID-19 questionnaire, the first to be launched by the Museum in the digital age, will enable people experiencing the pandemic in Wales to share their own stories in their own words, and provide future generations with personal, first-hand accounts of this chapter in our history.

 

Glo a Hinsawdd

Jennifer Protheroe-Jones –Prif Guradur Diwydiant, 15 Mai 2020

Tra bod Cymru yn gweithio'n galed i hyrwyddo agenda hinsawdd gadarnhaol, gyda tharged o 100% o drydan adnewyddadwy erbyn 2035, mae ein gorffennol diwydiannol yn taflu cysgod amgylcheddol hir. Yma mae Jennifer Protheroe-Jones, Prif Guradur Diwydiant, yn edrych ar ein hanes diwydiannol a'i effaith. 

Cyfrannodd Cymru yn gynnar ac yn ddiarwybod at newid yn yr hinsawdd. 

Dangosodd Cyfrifiad 1851 mai Cymru oedd y wlad gyntaf i fod â mwy o bobl yn cael eu cyflogi mewn diwydiant nag mewn amaethyddiaeth. Digwyddodd y newid pwysig hwn tua chanol i ddiwedd y 1840au yn ôl pob tebyg. 

Roedd Cymru yn ganolfan ddiwydiant rhyngwladol nodedig yng nghanol y 19eg ganrif, gan ei bod yn un o'r cenhedloedd cynhyrchu haearn pwysicaf, ac yn ganolbwynt diwydiannau copr a thunplat y byd. Roedd glo – gâi ei fwyngloddio ar raddfa anferth yng Nghymru – yn sail i'r holl ddiwydiannau hyn, yn tanio ffwrneisi, yn pweru’r injans stêm a oedd yn gyrru peiriannau, a’r locomotifau a oedd yn tynnu deunyddiau crai a chynhyrchion gorffenedig. 

Môr o wagenni rheilffordd wedi'u llwytho â glo mewn seidins ger Doc y Rhath, Caerdydd, yn aros i'w cludo ym mis Mawrth 1927. Mae'r llythrennau cyntaf ar y wagenni yn nodi ystod o brif gwmnïau'r pyllau glo: Burnyeat, Brown & Co Ltd; D.Davis & Sons Ltd; Nixon’s Navigation Coal Co Ltd; United Collieries Ltd.

Roedd glo ager o Gymru yn ddelfrydol ar gyfer codi ager. Mae'n llosgi heb lawer o fwg, yn creu ychydig o ludw ac yn cynhyrchu llawer iawn o wres. Wrth iddo losgi, mae glo ager yn agennu ond nid yw'n hollti’n ddarnau bach. Mae'r agennau yn caniatáu i'r glo losgi o'r tu mewn yn ogystal ag o'r tu allan, sydd yn cynyddu’r gwres yn sylweddol ac felly’n cynyddu priodweddau codi ager y tanwydd. Oherwydd nad yw’n torri'n ddarnau bach wrth losgi, mae'n eistedd ar ben y bariau tân, yn hytrach na disgyn trwy'r bariau fel darnau bach o lo heb eu llosgi a fyddai'n mynd yn wastraff ymysg y lludw. Mae'r nodwedd hon yn arbennig o berthnasol i danwydd a ddefnyddir mewn locomotifau, oherwydd mae dirgryniad y locomotif wrth iddo symud ar hyd y trac yn tueddu i wneud i danwydd o ansawdd is i dorri'n ddarnau bach sy'n cael eu gwastraffu pan fyddant yn syrthio trwy'r bariau tân i mewn i’r pwll lludw. Roedd y rhinwedd hwn yn golygu bod galw mawr am lo stêm Cymru.

Golygfa o'r awyr yn edrych i'r de-ddwyrain dros Waith Dur Caerdydd (East Moors) tua 1960.

Ychydig ddegawdau yn ddiweddarach, roedd symiau enfawr o lo yn cael eu defnyddio gan ddiwydiannau yng Nghymru, ond roedd mwy fyth yn cael ei allforio. Erbyn dechrau'r ugeinfed ganrif, de Cymru oedd maes glo pwysicaf y byd o ran allforio glo , gan gyflenwi glo stêm yn rhyngwladol. O ran ynni, roedd Môr Hafren ar yr adeg hon yn cyfateb i Gwlff Persia ganrif yn ddiweddarach. Os mai tanwydd o ansawdd uchel a fedrai bweru ystod eang o beiriannau oedd ei angen, yna porthladdoedd glo de Cymru oedd y lle i'w gael.

Yn y 19eg ganrif roedd gweld mwg o bentyrrau simneiau gweithfeydd yn cael ei ystyried yn arwydd o ffyniant. Erbyn dechrau'r 20fed ganrif roedd mwg o losgi glo yn cael ei gydnabod fwyfwy fel niwsans, ond hefyd fel rhywbeth anochel. Dim ond ar ôl yr Ail Ryfel Byd y dechreuwyd gwneud ymdrechion difrifol i leihau’r mwg o ddiwydiannau ac o danau glo mewn cartrefi – ac erbyn hynny roedd olew wedi datblygu’n ffynhonnell ynni pwysicach na glo ar draws y byd.

Mae llosgi glo, olew a nwy naturiol yn rhyddhau carbon deuocsid a nwyon tŷ gwydr eraill sy'n achosi newid yn yr hinsawdd. Yn rhyngwladol, caiff glo ei ddefnyddio’n bennaf wrth gynhyrchu trydan, cynhyrchu sment ac wrth wneud dur. Rhoddwyd y gorau i ddefnyddio glo yn y diwydiant cynhyrchu trydan yng Nghymru ym mis Mawrth 2020; mae’n parhau i gael ei ddefnyddio yn y diwydiannau dur a sment.

Arllwys llond wagen o lo yn Nociau Caerdydd, dechrau'r 20fed ganrif. Roedd rhai mathau o lo yn tueddu i dorri'n fân, felly, yn lle tipio'r wagenni yn uniongyrchol i grombil llongau o uchder sylweddol, roedd y glo yn cael ei dywallt i 'flwch gorchuddio' patent Lewis Hunter (sydd i'w weld o dan y llwch glo helaeth) gâi wedyn ei godi gan graen ar ochr y doc ar y chwith, a'i ostwng i howld y llong llong, gan leihau'r uchder gollwng.

Cloddiwyd meysydd glo Cymru yn ddwys yn y 19eg ganrif a chyrhaeddodd y diwydiant ei uchafbwynt ym 1913, gan ddirywio wedi hynny wrth i’r glo brinhau. Yr allbwn ym 1913 oedd 60 miliwn o dunelli, ac allforiwyd ei hanner; yn 2018 roedd allbwn i lawr i 1.1 miliwn o dunelli. Roedd allbwn glo Cymru eisoes wedi dirywio'n sylweddol erbyn i newid hinsawdd gael ei gydnabod yn eang fel mater o bwys byd-eang. Bob blwyddyn mae'r byd yn cynhyrchu dros ganwaith cymaint o lo ag y gwnaeth Cymru ym 1913, pan oedd diwydiant glo Cymru ar ei anterth. Hyd yn oed yn ôl ym 1913, dim ond tua 5% o allbwn glo'r byd yr oedd Cymru yn ei gynhyrchu – ei bwysigrwydd ar y pryd oedd bod ei hanner yn cael ei allforio a'i fod yn cael ei ystyried yn danwydd premiwm ei amser.

Mae esboniad o’r rhwydwaith cymhleth o gyfathrebu a alluogodd fasnach lo ryngwladol Cymru i’w weld yn oriel y Glo, Amgueddfa Genedlaethol y Glannau yn Abertawe.

A Day in the Life of a Natural History Curator

Jennifer Gallichan, 11 Mai 2020

A Day in the Life of a Natural History Curator

My name is Jennifer Gallichan and I am one of the natural history curators at National Museum Cardiff. I care for the Mollusc (i.e. snails, slugs, mussels, and octopus) and Vertebrate (things with backbones) collections. Just like everybody else, museum curators are adapting to working from home. But what did we use to do on a 'normal' day, before the days of lockdown?

Caring for the National Collections

Most of our specimens are not on display. Amgueddfa Cymru holds 3.5 million natural history specimens and the majority are held behind the scenes in stores. Caring for the collections is an important part of our role as curators. We have to meticulously catalogue the specimens to ensure that all of the specimens are accounted for. As you can imagine, finding one object amongst 3.5 million could take a while.

Natural history collections cover a whole range of materials including shells, dried plants, minerals, fossils, stuffed animals, bones, pinned insects and fluid preserved specimens (this includes things in jars).

These collections are vital for research, education, exhibitions and display. Some have been in the museum for well over a century, and it is our role to ensure they last into the next century and beyond. We work with specially trained Conservators to monitor the collections and highlight anything that might be at risk, needs cleaning or repair.

Answering your Questions

We spend a lot of time working with you, our fantastic visitors. Much of our time is spent answering the thousands of enquiries we receive every year from families, school children, amateur scientists, academics of all kinds, journalists and many more. We also host open days and national events throughout the year which are another great opportunity to share the collections. Many of us are STEM (Science, Technology Engineering & Mathematics) ambassadors, so an important part of our role inspiring and engaging the next generation of scientists.

Working with Volunteers

Our museums are crammed full of fascinating objects and interesting projects to inspire and enjoy. We spend a lot of time with our excellent volunteers, helping them to catalogue and conserve the collections, guiding them through the often intricate and tricky jobs that it has taken us decades to perfect.

Working with Other Museums

Museums across the world are connected by a huge network of curators. We oversee loans of specimens to all parts of the globe so that we can share and learn from each other’s collections. We have to be ready to deal with all manner of tricky scenarios such as organising safe transport of a scientifically valuable shell, or packing up and transporting a full sized Bison for exhibition.

Working with Visitors

Despite the fact that a large part of the collections are behind the scenes, they are open to visitors. Researchers from across the globe come to access our fantastic collections to help with their studies. We also host tours of the collections on request.

Making Collections Bigger and Better

Despite having millions of specimens, museum collections are not static and continue to grow every year. Be it an old egg collection found in an attic, or a prize sawfish bill that has been in the family for generations, it’s an important part of a curator’s job to inspect and assess each and every object that we are offered. Is it a scientifically important collection or rare? Has it been collected legally? Do we know where and when it was collected? Is it in a good condition? Do we have the space?

Creating New Exhibitions

A fun part of the job is working with our brilliant Exhibitions department to develop and install new exhibitions. We want museums to be exciting and inspiring places for everyone so we spend a lot of time making sure that the information and specimens we exhibit are fun, engaging, inspiring and thought provoking.

Being Scientists

Last but definitely not least, when we aren’t doing all of the above, we are doing actual science. Museums are places of learning for visitors and staff alike. Many of us are experts in our field and undertake internationally-recognised research. This research might find us observing or collecting specimens out in the field, sorting and identifying back in the lab, describing new species or researching the millions of specimens already in the collections.

Museums from Home?

Despite lockdown, we are working hard to keep the collections accessible. We’re answering queries, engaging with people online, writing research papers and chipping away at collection jobs from home. And like all of you, we are very much looking forward to when the museum opens its doors once again.

If you want to find out more about the things we get up to in the museum, why not check us out on Twitter or follow our blog? You can also find out more about all of the members of the Natural Sciences department here.

Arglwyddes Llanofer - Arwres Diwydiant Gwlân Cymru

Mark Lucas, 11 Mai 2020

Roedd Augusta Hall, Arglwyddes Llanofer ( 21 Mawrth 1892 – 17 Ionawr 1896) yn eiriolwr ac yn gefnogwr brwd i Ddiwydiant Gwlân Cymru a thraddodiadau ein Cenedl. Yn Eisteddfod Genedlaethol 1834 cyflwynodd draethawd yn dwyn y teitl `Y Manteision yn Deillio o Gadw'r Iaith Gymraeg a'r Wisg Draddodiadol' ac ennillodd y wobr gyntaf. Cymerodd yr enw barddol "Gwenynen Gwent".

Gwisg Telynor o Stâd Llanofer

Yn 1865 comisiynodd adeiladu Melin Wlân Gwenffrwd ar ystâd Llanofer ger y Fenni. Cyflawnodd y felin yr holl weithrediadau ar gyfer cynhyrchu gwlân a chynhyrchu brethyn trwm a oedd yn cael ei wneud yn ddillad i'r gweithwyr yn y tŷ ac ar y stad.

Gwisg Telynor o Stâd Llanofer

Gwnaed deunydd o'r felin hefyd yn ddillad i Arglwyddes Llanofer a'i ffrindiau, wedi'u steilio ar ei syniadau ei hun o wisg draddodiadol Gymreig. Parhaodd y felin i gynhyrchu tan y 1950au gan ddefnyddio offer a osodwyd gan Arglwyddes Llanofer.

Gweithiwr ym Melin Wlân Gwenffrwd

Insect galls in “deep time”

Christopher Cleal, 7 Mai 2020

Most gardeners regard horsetails or scouring rushes (Equisetum) as one of their worst enemies – once this invasive weed is in your garden or allotment, it will spread everywhere and is almost impossible to get rid of (Fig. 1). But of course from the plant’s perspective this is a success story – they are doing what is best for them, not for us!

Today, this genus of highly invasive plants consists of only 15 species (Fig. 2), but they are found throughout the world except in Antarctica. They also have an immensely long evolutionary history spanning over 350 million years.

Fossils of horsetails are commonly found in the Carboniferous age coalfields such as in South Wales. The star-shaped leaf whorls (Annularia) are among the iconic fossils found in these rocks. We now know they were parts of tree-sized plants up to 10 metres or more tall – I have often wondered what today’s gardeners would think if they encountered a living one of these giants!

A couple of years ago, my colleague Pedro Correia sent me a photograph of a fossil Annularia that he had found in Portugal (Fig. 3). In itself, this wouldn’t have been too unusual, but this one had a strange structure attached among the leaves. It almost looked as though it was a seed but of course that was impossible – horsetails do not have seeds, but reproduce by spores, in the same way as ferns. We shared this photograph with other European colleagues and a debate ensued as to what on Earth this could be. For a time it remained a puzzle. But then we showed it to another colleague, Conrad Labandeira from the Smithsonian Institution (Washington DC), who is one of the world’s leading palaeontological experts on insect – plant interactions. He suggested that this was probably a structure known as a gall.  Most galls today are produced when an insect injects chemicals into the plant to produce a swelling, in which it lays an egg. The resulting larva then develops within the gall.

There is evidence of Annularia leaves having been eaten by insects, such a chew-marks around the leaf edge. Conrad had also published evidence some years ago of an insect gall in a Carboniferous tree fern stem. But a gall on a Carboniferous horsetail is most unusual.  For a time we thought this example might be unique. But we then found a paper published back in 1931 by the American palaeobotanist Maxim Elias, who claimed to have found a seed attached to an Annularia. But it is now clear that Elias hadn’t in fact discovered a seed-bearing Annularia, as he had thought, but an insect gall similar to ours.

Fossil galls of this age are extremely rare. What insect produced this one is unknown. The organism was not preserved and most of today’s gall-producing insect groups do not have a fossil record extending this far back in time. All that we can say is that it was probably caused by a member of a now-extinct insect group that presumably produced larvae as part of its life cycle (Fig. 4).

Most horsetails have thick, almost leathery stems and I still find it rather strange that insects produce galls on them. But they do today on at least some horsetails, and it has clearly been of benefit to insects for millions of years. We haven’t yet found one in the Welsh coalfields but, now we know what to look out for, we will be keeping our eyes open!

Correia, P., Bashforth, A.R., Šimůnek, Z., Cleal, C.J., Sá, A.A. & Labandeira, C.C. 2020. The history of herbivory on sphenophytes: a new calamitalean with an insect gall from the Upper Pennsylvanian of Portugal and a review of arthropod herbivory on an ancient lineage. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 181(4).