As we are sure you are aware, there's a lot that goes on behind the scenes at the National Museum of Wales, including research, conservation and work experience. This week is Student Volunteering Week and in honor of this, we have taken the time to find out a little bit more about one of our interns, Eirini...

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Name: Eirini Anagnostou

Job title/ Role: Intern

Department: History and Archaeology, National Museum Cardiff

Where you are you from?

Greece

What are you studying?

I am a student of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, studying Archaeology and History of Art

Why did you choose to study Archaeology and History of Art?

I've been interested in Art since high school, particularly Contemporary but also Renaissance and Byzantine art and I am also interested in cultural history and civilisations.

What are you doing here?

Erasmus+ placement programme, working as an intern updating the Portable Antiquities Scheme Cymru database – I’ve worked here for 2 months so far!

What are your main duties?

Using the Photoshop programme and processing images of artefacts found by mainly metal detectorists to go on the PAS database.

Next week I will be doing some photography, and working on developing stories on a collection of Ancient Greek coins. I am also hoping to have input into the development of an exhibition concept.

Why did you come to Cardiff?

I visited Cardiff three years ago and I liked the city. I chose the National Museum because it is one of the biggest museums in the UK. I think it’s a good experience for my personal development and future aspirations.

Are you enjoying your time in Cardiff?

Yes, Cardiff is a lovely city with friendly people. There are many things to do and a beautiful castle!

What have you enjoyed the most about working at NMW?

The working environment here is very friendly and helpful. I’ve learnt a lot and I’ve had the opportunity to see the galleries – I was amazed at the extensive collection of Impressionist paintings!

Have you seen anything that’s not currently on display that particularly interested you?

I’ve never seen so many artefacts before – I’ve never seen bones and prehistoric artefacts like those collected in the museum’s stores, and I enjoyed having the opportunity to see them.

What do you hope to learn from this experience?

I hope to learn how a museum works because I’d like to do a Masters in Museum Studies and possibly become a curator. I am still deciding where to study for my Masters degree. I also am enjoying experiencing living abroad and I hope to continue travelling for a couple more years.

To see more content related to the Portable Antiquites Scheme and the Saving Treasures; Telling Stories Project, a project currently working with PAS and local metal detectorists and communities to record all archaeological findings, click here.

Beth mae 'Cymru a'r Môr' yn ei olygu i mi?

Yn syml iawn, mae'n rhan fawr o bwy ydw i!

Ar ochr fy nhad, rwy'n nai, ŵyr, gor-nai, gor-ŵyr a gor-or-ŵyr i forwyr o bentref Aberporth yng Ngheredigion. Chwaraeodd pob un ei ran yn y cyfraniad anferth, anghymesur bron a wnaed gan forwyr Cymru at lynges fasnachol Prydain dros ddwy ganrif o 1750 i 1950.

Cododd pob un bron yn Gapten (Master Mariner) a dros y canrifoedd dyma nhw'n capteinio llongau o bob maint - o'r cychod bychain fyddai'n cario glo mân a chalchfaen i'r pentref yn y 19eg Ganrif, i'r cludydd mwyaf dan y lluman coch ddiwedd y 1960au.

Mae un o’m cyndeidiau yn gorwedd yn ddwfn dan ddyfroedd oer Newfoundland, lle bu farw wedi i'w long daro mynydd ia. Claddwyd un yn y fynwent Brydeinig yn Chacarita, Buenos Aires lle bu farw tra'n capteinio tramp yn cludo glo o Gaerdydd i bweru rheilffyrdd a lladd-dai yr Ariannin. Roedd yn rhaid i un arall ddelio â llofruddiaeth ar ei long wedi i ddadl rhwng y criw am ddyled gamblo fynd dros ben llestri.

Ond nid hanes anturiaethau morwyr yn unig yw hon.

Ar ddechrau'r 20fed ganrif, gyda hyd at hanner dynion y pentref wedi mynd i'r môr roedd cymuned Aberporth a nifer o bentrefi tebyg yn gymuned fatriarchaidd. Cymuned lle magai menywod cryf eu teuluoedd eu hunain tra'n hiraethu am eu hanwyliaid am gyfnodau maith. Mae'n anodd amgyffred y boen a'r gofid a brofwyd ar nosweithiau stormus dirifedi â milltiroedd maith rhyngddynt â'u cariadon.

Ond roedd manteision i fod yn wraig i gapten hefyd! Os oedd llong y gŵr yn cyrraedd porthladd Prydeinig, neu borthladd cyfagos ar y cyfandir, byddai'r wraig yn aml yn teithio i'w gyfarfod. Yn ogystal â chwmni cariadus, byddai cyfle hefyd i weld ffasiwn ddiweddaraf Caerdydd, Newcastle a Glasgow - neu Antwerp a Hamburg hyd yn oed! Byddai gwraig capten llong yn aml yn ennyn yr un parch ar y tir mawr ag y byddai ei gŵr ar y môr. Feiddiai neb alw fy hen fam-gu yn ddim ond Mrs. Capten Jenkins!

Er gwaethaf y llinach hwn, drwy siawns gyrfa cefais fy magu filltiroedd o'r môr ym Meirionydd. Dim ond dros wyliau ysgol fydden ni'n cael cyfle i ymweld ag Aberporth a mwynhau pysgota mecryll a gosod cewyll cimwch. Meirionydd yw cartref teuluol fy mam, ac mae ei theulu wedi bod yn ffermio yng ngogledd yr hen sir honno ers oes Elisabeth I o leiaf.

Bychan fyddai dylanwad y môr ar eu bywydau bob dydd meddech chi. Ond ganol y 1880au bu'n rhaid iddynt adael eu cartref, Tŷ Ucha' ym mhentref Llanwddyn, pan godwyd argae ar afon Efyrnwy i ddarparu dŵr ar gyfer Lerpwl oedd ar anterth ei llwyddiant fel un o borthladdoedd blaenaf Prydain. Ymestynna dylanwad y môr ymhell tu hwnt i'r arfordir, felly cofiwch bod y digwyddiad eleni yn perthyn i Gymru gyfan, ac nid ein cymunedau glan môr yn unig.

I ddathlu Dydd San Ffolant a Dydd Santes Dwynwen cyn hynny, dyma luniau o eitemau yn ein casgliadau yn Amgueddfa Werin Cymru a roddwyd fel arwydd o ramant a chariad.

Y Llwy Garu

Cerfiwyd y llwy hynaf yng nghasgliad yr Amgueddfa yn 1667, ond mae’n ddigon posibl bod y traddodiad yn bodoli llawer cyn hynny. Roedd cerfio llwyau o bren er mwyn eu defnyddio yn y cartref yn arfer poblogaidd dros fisoedd hir y gaeaf, yn enwedig yng nghefn gwlad Cymru. Byddai’r llwy yn cael ei rhoi fel arwydd o angerdd ac hefyd yn cael ei defnyddio gan y derbyniwr wrth y bwrdd bwyd. Wrth i’r grefft ddatblygu, troes y llwy garu i fod yn llawer mwy addurnedig ac yn llai o declyn bwyta.

Cerfiwyd y llwyau caru mewn amrywiaeth o wahanol siapiau gyda phatrymau gwahanol a chywrain. Gellir dehongli symbolaeth yr addurniadau hyn mewn amryw ffyrdd, ond dyma restr isod o’r rhai mwyaf poblogaidd a’u hystyr posibl:

Calonnau

Symbol cariad ym mhob cwr o’r byd a welir yn aml ar lwyau caru Cymreig. Arwydd o angerdd ac emosiwn dwfn sy’n sicr yn cyfleu dwyster teimlad y cerfiwr at ei anwylyd. Mae’n bosibl bod llwy â dwy galon yn dangos cariad cytûn rhwng y crefftwr a’r derbyniwr.

Powlenni dwbl

Yn achlysurol cai llwyau caru eu cerfio gyda dwy bowlen neu ragor, gan ddangos, o bosibl, undod eneidiau neu, yn yr engrheifftiau gyda thair powlen, y dymuniad am blentyn.

Coma neu siâp persli

Siâp sydd i’w weld yn aml ar lwyau caru Cymreig hanesyddol. Dwedir ei fod yn cynrychioli’r enaid a serch dwys.

Peli mewn cawell

Credir bod peli wedi’u cerfio mewn cawell yn cynrychioli’r nifer o blant y gobeithiai’r cerfiwr eu cael, ond gallant hefyd gynrychioli gŵr sy’n gaeth gan gariad.

Cadwyni

Ystyrir rhain fel arwydd o deyrngarwch a ffyddlondeb, ond gallant hefyd fod yn arwydd o ddau enaid wedi’i clymu gan eu cariad a’u ffyddlondeb.

Diemwntau

Credir bod diemwntau yn dymuno bywyd llewyrchus ac yn addewid i ddarparu’n dda ar gyfer eich cariad.

Allweddi a thyllau clo

Yn ogystal â’r tŷ, gwelir delweddau eraill ar lwyau caru Cymreig weithiau sy’n arwydd o gartref dedwydd. Mae allweddi a thyllau clo yn cael eu cerfio’n aml er mwyn cyfleu diogelwch, neu’r syniad rhamantus o allwedd i’r galon.

Olwyn

Mae olwynion i’w gweld yn aml ar lwyau caru Cymreig a dywedir eu bod yn brawf o addewid y cerfiwr i weithio’n galed ac arwain ei gymar trwy fywyd.

Cardiau Ffolant

Dywedir bod y neges ffolant gyntaf yn Lloegr yn dyddio o 1684. Yng Nghymru, yn ystod yr un cyfnod, ceir sôn gan y bardd Edward Morris, Perthi-llwydion am neges debyg. Er hynny, rhaid oedd aros hyd at y 19eg ganrif nes i’r arfer o anfon cardiau ffolant ddod yn boblogaidd gyda’r enghriefftiau cynharaf o Gymru yn deillio o ddechrau’r ganrif honno. Yn y cyfnod hwn hefyd, yn Sir Forgannwg,  daeth “clymu cwlwm cariad” yn boblogaidd. Byddai’r clymau hyn yn cael eu dosbarthu fel ffafrau ar Ddydd San Ffolant, yn arwydd o serch ac ymroddiad. Gyda threigl amser gwelwyd y clymau ar gardiau San Ffolant.

Yn anffodus, fel gall llawer dystio, gall llwybr cariad fod yn llawn rhwystrau a siomedigaethau. Mae gennym yn yr Amgueddfa gasgliad o “Ffolantau Sbeit” neu “Falantau Ysmala” a anfonwyd i’r rheini a oedd wedi gwrthod neu dwyllo cariad neu wedi rhoi terfyn ar berthynas. Mae’r ddelwedd gyntaf yn dangos cerdyn o’r fath.

....... quite literally in some cases!

Last week saw us head up to Berwick-upon-Tweed to sample for species of marine bristle worms, the shovelhead worms (Annelida: Magelonidae). The aim was to collect enough of these burrowing animals from under the muddy sand at low tide that we could contribute to our collections and additionally place some in our laboratory tank for live observations.

After closely examining one species of shovelhead worm at the museum (Magelona alleni) for the majority of the first seven months of my professional training year (PTY) from Cardiff University, and successfully finding out some exciting new behavioural traits (in press), I find myself wanting to expand not only my own knowledge, but becoming eager to contribute more to our overall understanding of these fascinating and somewhat enigmatic creatures. The more science we uncover, the more well known these species, who perhaps do not receive the same attention as some of the bigger vertebrates, become. I see this as a crucial factor to raise awareness for a preservation of the natural world in our future.

With this mantra circling around my head, my enthusiasm was bursting as we drove to the beach on our first day of sampling. Low tide was just before 8am, meaning leaving our cottage, full gear in tow, at around 6.30am. No problems, I thought. I’m ready for that chilly Northern January air. Bring. It. on. Assembled with so many layers that we lost count, we clambered out of the car ready to get onto the beach, undeterred by the eerie super moon and snow battering our windscreen as we drove to our destination that morning. We were looking for two species of Magelona in particular, Magelona johnstoni and Magelona mirabilis, known to occur in abundance in this location, where George Johnston first describer of the the latter species lived and collected worms (you can learn more about the fascinating life of George Johnston and what he accomplished at these sites: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Johnston_(naturalist), http://www.raysociety.org.uk/userfiles/File/Johnston%20essay.pdf).

Our first dig looked promising, revealing many of the now familiar milky white, almost stringy, teeny tiny strands of magelonids. As we gently prised them out of the sand and put them into test tubes, by using seawater to gently wash the surrounding sand away in our hands, it occurred to me my hands were starting to go a little bit numb in the icy water. I thought I obviously wasn’t quite as seasoned at this as Kate, my museum mentor. Luckily we had hand warmers at the ready to dive our hands into after each dig. However, as we dug more and more both of us felt our hands turn to popsicles, and let me tell you, anyone who has ever tried to get a worm that is only a few millimeters in length into a test tube does not want popsicle hands. Over the next few hours our feet slowly turned into matching ice cubes, until we had to call it a day. Luckily for us, we had the same scenario to play out all over again the next morning.

 What I haven’t mentioned yet is that despite the somewhat crisp weather, we saw some of the most breathtaking sunrises, with only the odd oystercatcher and redshank to accompany us. Along with this, we were further rewarded by the pure amount of magelonids present in such small spaces, meaning our collection was plentiful and we could take the animals back to our make-shift laboratory at our accommodation for identification, which is when you really start to see what the fuss is about with these worms. The stringy white appearance you see from afar turns into an elegant, ethereal-like animal under the microscope, with complex morphological features. Perhaps, most notably, long, flowing palps that arise near to the animal’s mouth. The number we collected means observations in the laboratory can now be started for new research. George Johnston’s description of the abundance of the animals here sure hasn’t changed much in well over 100 years. Ultimately, the moral of the story is that sometimes, the more changeling the environment, the more recompense. Who knows, maybe one day we’ll be worm hunting in the Artic!

Catch up with some other tails of a PTY student

Swansea has a whole host of treasures just lying within its midst, from the Red Lady of Paviland to the 4200 year old flint dagger that formed the basis for Saving Treasures; Telling Stories first Community Archaeology project, ‘The Lost Treasures of Swansea Bay’. With the rip roaring tides, miles of beaches and hidden caves waiting to be discovered, you’d expect the sea (for which the city is named) to occasionally stir up something significant; but what about an unassuming Welsh livestock farm? Doesn’t sound like the setting for a major archaeological discovery, does it? Suprisingly, that’s exactly where local man, Geoff Archer, picked up one half of a Middle Bronze Age copper-alloy palstave axe mould dating somewhere between 1400-1200 BC.

It was over two decades ago when Geoff first picked up a metal detector, having first taken it up as a hobby after he got married. But it wasn’t until he retired last year that he was able to really get out into the field, and armed with a pair of wellies and a brand spanking new detector, he decided to venture to one of his old jaunts – a farm not far from his home.

“Over the last few nights I’d been thinking about going to the farm and something was telling me to go to the right hand side of it, just to walk the fields,” he explains, “so that’s what I did.” After traipsing around in the mud for a few hours, Geoff stumbled upon a patch of uneven terrace he couldn’t help but investigate.

Unearthing History

“I got to the lumpy, bumpy parts, had a couple of signals – nothing much.” But then Geoff had another signal, “a cracking signal” and realised it was time to dig around in the dirt to find out what it was. Figuring it would just be another case of random odds and sods, or a coke bottle lid (they find an abundance of litter!) he was surprised to hear a clunk.

“I hit this bloomin’ great big stone, so I dug around it, lifted up a clod of earth” and underneath yet another stone he noticed something interesting inside the muddy cave, something not made of rock. “What the heck’s that?” he thought, picking up the oddity with care. 

“I pulled it out and on the back end of the mould there’s, like, ribs.” This prompted Geoff to recall a discovery he made about 15 years ago, when he wasn’t so rehearsed in Bronze Age metalwork.

“Going back, must be about 15 years ago, I found an item - I didn’t know what it was. I wasn’t experienced enough then. So this item, I took it home and I put it in the garage, as most detectorists do!” He had a feeling it was important but wasn’t sure why.

After a few years of picking the item up off his work bench and trying to decipher its meaning, Geoff decided to take it up to the kitchen and do some research. “So I started buying books to research Roman, believe it or not, alright? So, I bought this book and I was looking through it. I got to the part for the Stone Age, read that. Then I got to the Bronze Age, and I turned a couple of pages and there was the item I’d found! Bronze Age Axe Head. My jaw just dropped, right? And the Bronze Age Axe Head had ribs on the outside.”

Devastatingly, Geoff has misplaced the axe head, which he is now, more than ever, desperate to locate – and even more upsetting still, it’s the same type of axe as the mould he discovered 15 years later would have been built to make. “It’s what they call a loop, I think it’s got two loops on this one, each side, where they used to put, if you can imagine, the Bronze Age axe head. It’s flat, but this part at the back, its round and they put it over the wood and then they loop it, they tie it onto the wood to secure it.”

Monumental findings

When Geoff uncovered the mould, he immediately realised its importance thanks to his previous finding – but he still wasn’t entirely certain of what it was he’d discovered. “On the inside of the mould, there’s like a round piece, like in the middle part. I honestly thought at that time that it was a bit off a tractor, because it was so… the engineering of it, the precision engineering of it! But in the back of my mind I was thinking it can’t be off a tractor because it’s got these ribs at the back from this Bronze Age axe that I found.”

After digging out some modelling clay and experimenting, he came to the realisation that what he’d found was an axe head mould. Geoff phoned up one of his buddies at Swansea Metal Detectorist Club for a second opinion and after a positive diagnosis by them both, he took it along to a club meeting.

“As it so happened, it was our ‘Find of the Month’ meeting!” Geoff explains. “So I won find of the month for the artefact and Steve, our Finds Liaison Officer, said ‘you’d better show this to someone in Cardiff because they are going to be interested.’ So, photographs were sent to Cardiff [National Museum of Wales] and they wanted to see it. I went with Steve to Cardiff and the mould’s been there ever since!”

Mark Lodwick, the Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS) Cymru Co-Ordinator at The National Museum of Wales in Cardiff confirmed Geoff’s identification and has recorded the item so it can be used in further research and study.

Under the Treasure Act, the mould isn’t classed as ‘treasure’, so why is it so special? “It’s the only one that’s been found in South West Wales,” Geoff enthuses, “and it’s the second one that’s been found in Wales. The other one was found in a hoard of axes in Bangor in the 1950’s, so this is the first one that’s been found since then!”

Preserving the past

Geoff is in utter disbelief that he was the one to stumble across the important artefact, which has been conserved at the National Museum of Wales, Cardiff, but, eventually he’d like it to end up back home at Swansea Museum.

Having reported the axe mould to the museum, Geoff sees this as an important part of his role as a treasure hunter. Letting other people view the item, he says, “gives other people a chance to understand about their locality, of what’s been going on.”

“I think it opens up a new chapter in [Swansea’s history]. There’s a bit of history regarding the Bronze Age but to find something like an axe making product in Swansea, which has never been found before - it opens up a new chapter of where these people were living and how far were they living on the fields of that farm,” explains Geoff. “That’s my quest now I suppose, is to try and find out – keep walking the fields and I might find the other half, I don’t know.”

With hopes of the axe mould ending up in Swansea Museum, Geoff is keen that people will be interested in viewing his remarkable find. “The more publicity it gets the better!” he says. “The more people who know about this the better as far as I am concerned, because it’s the first one to be found in South West Wales and the second one to ever be found in Wales – so don’t tell me that’s not important.”

To discover more about Swansea’s Bronze Age history and see some fascinating Neolithic archaeological artefacts visit Swansea Museum, entry is free!

Words: Alice Pattillo