Although many of our historic buildings remain open throughout the year, those without an open fire or any form of heating have to be closed for the winter months and the collections packed away to protect them from the cold and damp. It's also a good time to clean the displays and check for pests such as clothes moth, carpet beetle and mice that may have made a home in the buildings over the summer months. If left undetected these pests can go on to cause considerable damage to the collections.

The two buildings going into hibernation this week are the Tailor's Workshop and the Saddler's Workshop. There is a grand total of 1379 objects on display in both these buildings, so our conservation volunteers provide us with a welcome helping hand to clean and condition check all this material.

Ymlaen â ni â blwyddyn ryngwladol tabl cyfnodol yr elfennau cemegol ac, ar gyfer mis Medi, rydym wedi dewis carbon. Gellir dadlau mai carbon - mewn glo - yw’r elfen a gafodd y dylanwad mwyaf ar dirwedd adeiledig a diwylliant Cymru.

Meysydd Glo Cymru

Am ryw ganrif a hanner, cafodd y diwydiant glo ddylanwad enfawr ar hanes diwydiannol, gwleidyddol a chymdeithasol Cymru. Erbyn 1911, roedd 2,400,000 o bobl yn byw yng Nghymru, sef dros bedair gwaith yn fwy na’r  587,000 oedd yn byw yma yn 1801. Dylanwad y diwydiant glo oedd yn gyfrifol am y cynnydd bron i gyd: naill ai’n uniongyrchol trwy greu swyddi yn y glofeydd neu drwy ddiwydiannau oedd yn dibynnu ar lo fel tanwydd (e.e. cynhyrchu dur).

Mae dau brif faes glo yng Nghymru, un yn y gogledd-ddwyrain a’r llall yn y de.  Glo anweddol iawn, sy’n rhwymo’n gryf neu’n weddol gryf, oedd yn cael ei gynhyrchu’n bennaf ym maes glo’r gogledd sydd â hanes maith o gynhyrchu glo. Erbyn 1913, roedd yn cynhyrchu tua 3,000,000 tunnell y flwyddyn ond bu dirywiad araf wedi hynny.  Caewyd glofa olaf yr ardal, y Parlwr Du, yn 1996.

Mae maes glo’r de yn helaethach nag un y gogledd.  Mae’n fasn synclin hir sy’n ymestyn o Bont-y-pŵl yn y dwyrain i Rydaman yn y gorllewin, gyda darn ar wahân yn Sir Benfro. Mae’n mesur tua 1,000 milltir sgwâr i gyd.

Mae maes glo’r de’n enwog am fod yno wahanol fathau o lo, yn amrywio o lo meddal i wneud golosg a nwy, glo stêm, glo stêm sych, a glo caled. Câi’r gwahanol fathau eu defnyddio at wahanol ddibenion: mewn cartrefi, cynhyrchu stêm, cynhyrchu nwy a golosg a mwyndoddi copr, haearn a dur.

Roedd toeau brau a rhai ag uniadau llac yn fwy cyffredin ym maes glo’r de nag ym meysydd eraill Prydain ac felly byddai damweiniau’n digwydd yn aml wrth i doeau ac ochrau gwympo. Mae’r gwythiennau dwfn yn ‘danllyd’ iawn hefyd gan arwain at drychinebau lu. Rhwng 1850 ac 1920, yng Nghymru y bu traean o holl farwolaethau diwydiant glo’r Deyrnas Unedig. Mewn cyfnod cymharol fyr, rhwng 1890 ac 1913, cafwyd 27 o drychinebau glofaol mawr yn y Deyrnas Unedig, 13 ohonynt yn y de, yn cynnwys y ffrwydrad yng Nglofa’r Universal, Senghenydd, lle bu farw 439 o ddynion – y nifer fwyaf i golli eu bywydau mewn trychineb lofaol yn y Deyrnas Unedig.  Ychydig o drychinebau mawr fu yn y gogledd ond, yn 1934, lladdwyd 266 o ddynion mewn ffrwydrad yng Nglofa Gresffordd, y trychineb gwaethaf ond dau yn hanes y diwydiant glo yng Nghymru.

Mae glo stêm a glo caled o dde Cymru’n wahanol i lo o wythiennau eraill am fod partins (’slipiau’) yn digwydd yn aml ar ongl o ryw 45 gradd rhwng y llawr a’r to.  Roedd hyn yn golygu bod y glo’n eithaf hawdd i’w gloddio am ei fod yn syrthio mewn blociau mawr.  Fodd bynnag, roedd y glo mawr wedi’i orchuddio â llwch mân, sef prif achos niwmoconiosis neu glefyd y llwch, a oedd yn fwy cyffredin ym maes glo’r de nag yn unrhyw faes glo arall yn y Deyrnas Unedig. Yn 1962, roedd 40.7% o holl lowyr y de yn dioddef o’r clefyd.

Datblygodd perthynas glòs rhwng y diwydiant glo a’r gymuned leol.  Mewn llawer o bentrefi roedd bron bawb yn gweithio yn y pwll glo. Ym Morgannwg a Sir Fynwy, roedd hanner yr holl ddynion oedd yn gweithio yn ymwneud yn uniongyrchol â’r diwydiant glo ac mewn mannau fel y Rhondda a Maesteg gallai’r ganran fod mor uchel â 75%.

Oherwydd daeareg a daearyddiaeth neilltuol yr ardal, roedd glowyr y de yn araf i ymuno ag undeb. Fodd bynnag, ar ôl methiant digalon streic 1898, daeth angen am undod ac, erbyn 1914, Ffederasiwn Glowyr De Cymru (“y Ffed”) oedd yr undeb llafur mwyaf, â bron 200,000 o aelodau.

O ddechrau’r 1920au tan yr Ail Ryfel Byd, aeth meysydd glo Cymru trwy ddirwasgiad maith gan fod llongau wedi dechrau defnyddio olew a bod meysydd glo wedi’u datblygu dramor. Cwympodd nifer y glowyr o 270,000 i 130,000. Cafodd y diwydiant ei wladoli ar ôl y rhyfel a gwelwyd newidiadau enfawr wrth i dechnegau ac offer newydd gael eu cyflwyno. Roedd mwy o bwyslais ar ddiogelwch erbyn hyn ond roedd y meysydd glo’n dal yn fannau peryglus. Yn 1960, bu farw 45 o ddynion yng Nglofa’r Six Bells, bu farw 31 yng Nglofa’r Cambrian yn 1965 ac efallai mai’r drychineb fwyaf oedd colli 144 o bobl, yn cynnwys 116 o blant, pan lithrodd tomen lo yn Aberfan.

Erbyn yr 1980au, roedd bygythiad y byddai llawer o’r pyllau’n cau. Ym mis Mawrth 1984, dechreuodd y streic fawr olaf gan bara am 12 mis. Ar ôl i Undeb Cenedlaethol y Glowyr gael ei drechu, roedd pyllau glo’n cau yn rheolaidd. Erbyn canol yr 1990au, roedd mwy o amgueddfeydd glofaol nag o byllau glo dwfn gweithiol yng Nghymru.  Caewyd y pwll dwfn olaf, Glofa’r Tŵr, ym mis Ionawr 2008. Daeth un o’r dylanwadau pwysicaf ar fywyd cymdeithasol, diwydiannol a gwleidyddol Cymru i ben.

August is the most fragrant month here in St. Fagans gardens as we just finished trimming back and harvesting our lavender shrubs. We prune them at this time of the year to remove old flowers and give them a chance to grow new foliage before the Autumn/Winter months.

A well known favourite the lavender has a unique and distinguishable fragrance that is grown for ornamental, aromatic, medicinal and culinary purposes. They are sun loving plants and require a well drained soil.

Lavender is such a versatile plant suiting different garden styles and pleasing the most varied tastes. In St. Fagans you can find hundreds of plants of different species. You will see them in our herb garden, surrounding the fountain in the Dutch Garden, dotted amongst perennials in flower borders, as lavender hedges by the greenhouse and  complimenting the romantic style of the Rosery. A true aromatic heaven!

Lavandula is a genus of 47 known species, here you can find the well known Lavandula angustifolia ‘Hidcote’, the beautiful white flowers of the Lavandula x intermedia ‘Edelweiss’ and one of my favourites the Lavandula x intermedia ‘Grosso’. This particular species is a hybrid cross between the Lavandula angustifolia (English lavender) and the Lavandula latifolia (Portuguese lavender). They are larger, more robust and have longer stalks with bluish purple flower heads making them perfect for cut flowers.

Lavender is also a wonderful culinary ingredient. Most varieties can be used in cooking, however the Lavandula angustifolia ‘Munstead’ is more widely used. They taste great in cakes, scones, jams and as a tea. Add 1 tsp. of dried lavender flowers to a cup of water, let it steep for 10 minutes and enjoy! It’s perfect for calming the mind and helping you drift into dreamland.

When harvested most of our flowers are dried in our potting shed and used to create lavender bags, beautiful dried flower arrangements and other products that can be seasonally found in the Museum store. We also use them in our historic buildings as decoration and inside mattresses to repel insects as they would have done years ago.

Amgueddfa Cymru helped direct me to a career in heritage by drawing my attention to the possibility of a career in museums at a “career speed dating” event. I would go on to volunteer with National Museum Cardiff, whilst studying.

Volunteering as part of the museum’s preventive conservation team, we carried out a wide range of tasks from repackaging lichen, to carefully carrying jade, cleaning paintings currently on display all the while talking to the public about the importance of preventive conservation and promoting part of the Museum traditionally shielded from view. It could be just a few people or what seemed like hundreds of school children, every day brought a different experience.

Volunteering brought the reality of the sector and a chance to learn new skills and experiences which were invaluable to my understanding of what museums are and who they are for; fulfilling my personal reasons for volunteering.

The volunteer programme was flexible, reflecting my own needs not just its own. The programme allowed me to develop as I wanted and when it came time to end my time volunteering with Amgueddfa Cymru it was natural. I had succeeded in what I wanted to achieve, and I was supported to continue my development beyond the museum, not expected to stay when it was no longer practical.

I will always remember having the opportunity to be part of the preventive conservation team, I am sure the team will not forget my Elmer the Elephant style shirt, immortalised in many presentation slides and pull up banners (see photos). I now work for the Cynon Valley Museum as a Museum Co-ordinator and advocate for museums through EMP Wales (Emerging Museum Professionals) and FOH. 

Follow me on twitter: @TregaskesW @FoHMuseums @EMPCymru @cynonvalleymus

Move over Alexa, Ada the pianola’s back!

‘Alexa, play me a song by the Beatles! Alexa what about something by One Direction! Alexa, play something classical! Beethoven or Mozart. Alexa, Alexa, Alexa you are the must have gadget of the 21^st century - but Alexa you don't always get it right?!

This is where I Ada, the Pianola comes in. Let’s travel back over a hundred years in time from 2019 to 1919 when I was in my heyday and see how I performed. I am the first truly musical piano-playing device in the world. Listen to my specifications. They are quite impressive if I say so myself. I was designed and first made by Edwin Scott Votey in his workshop in Detroit in 1895. So even one hundred years ago I had already been around for nearly twenty five years.

‘What can you do?’ I hear you ask.

Well I can play any number of tunes you request…. Music hall songs, Christmas carols, nocturnes by Chopin to name but a few, and I make no mistakes! I do need a human to work the pedals and load the music scrolls. My sound is generated by the pianolist's feet, and controlled in pitch by a perforated music roll. When my pedals are pressed, I send air up through holes in a roll of paper to press my keys and hey presto I am in action. Sit back and enjoy my performance. With my help, anyone can make music.

‘So you don’t operate alone? ‘you ask.

Well neither do you Alexa, as far as I can see. You need wi-fi, monthly fees, speakers and human instructors.

I was around throughout the 20^th century. But will you still be operating in 2119? Who remembers music cassettes and floppy disks now?

Who can tell? Who knows? But I think I am ageless. I can go on for ever.

Want to check me out for yourself?

If so, you will find me in the Oakdale Workmen’s Institute on the top floor in the grand ballroom. Pop in on a Wednesday morning and my volunteers Cheryl and Marie will show you the works. Before too long you too will be singing my praises.