Friday
Since the last blog we have moved to shallower water which means that it takes a much shorter time to take the samples, less time between stations and a more hectic schedule. With the 12 hour shifts I have had little inclination to sit at the computer. Perhaps most spectacular have been the samples from the sponge grounds, some of these are the size of footballs. They are difficult to work with without gloves because of the spicules and worsened by the rather nauseous smell given off by some. Sorting and fixing such a large sample had everyone running around madly.

The Campod live video gear has been working, it is lowered to the sea bed and then hopped along a transect some 700metres long. The footage is stored and the megafauna analysed to create a chart of animal communities. You can see some of this video on the Mareano website http://www.mareano.no/english/. You can also read all about the programme in detail. We did a similar thing for the seas around Wales and published the results in our Biomor Reports but we did not have the video or geophysical data to go with our benthic sampling, wouldn’t it be interesting to have seabed images for all the communities we have found in the Irish Sea?

As far as my research goes we have collected a lot of relevant material. Firstly I have seen common Norwegian Sea species that just enter the British fauna and some that are found in both regions or so we think! I now have material of thyasirid bivalves to compare with those we have from the Atlantic Frontier Environmental Network  (Shetland-Faeroes) programme and can hopefully describe some new species now.

There is one family of bivalves that are always problematic, the Astartidae, and I now have a good series of northern A. sulcata fixed in 100% ethanol and RNA later for a molecular study that might be joint with the Bergen Museum.

I have not got Anna any Macoma for her tellinid study but I do have quite a few Abra longicallus a species we only get on the Porcupine Bank west of Ireland.

Andy has been building up an impressive collection of photographs of living polychaetes, he will post some of these on our “return to home” final blog.

We dock early tomorrow morning in Bodo so it is now a frantic pack, tidy and clean period so I had better go.

Mae'r pengwin yn anifail sy'n archdeip o'r Antarctig ond dim ond dwy rywogaeth, y Pengwin Ymerodrol a'r Adélie sydd i'w canfod yn yr Antarctig yn unig. Mae'r pengwiniaid Antarctig eraill, fel y Chinstrap a'r Gentoo, hefyd i'w gweld ar yr ynysoedd is-Antarctig. Mae rhywogaethau eraill hefyd sy'n byw mewn hinsoddau cynhesach — yn wir mae Pengwin y Galapagos yn byw ar y cyhydedd bron. Fodd bynnag, maen nhw wastad yn byw lle mae dŵr oer iawn yn llifo o'r de. Adar diasgell ydyn nhw sydd wedi esblygu i fyw yn y môr, lle byddan nhw'n treulio'r rhan fwyaf o'u hamser.

Y Pengwin Ymerodrol yw'r mwyaf gan gyrraedd taldra o dros fetr a phwysau o 22-45 kg. Capten Scott oedd y cyntaf i gofnodi arferion mudo'r Pengwin Ymerodrol, ar Alldaith Discovery 1901-04. Maent yn dod i'r lan ym mis Ebrill ac yn cerdded cymaint â 100-160 km i'r meysydd bridio. Wedi dodwy un ŵy, bydd y benyw yn dychwelyd i'r môr i fwydo, gan adael y gwryw i ori drwy aeaf garw'r Antarctig. Bydd yn dioddef naw wythnos o dymereddau yn agos i -50°C a gwyntoedd o hyd at 200 kya. All y gwryw ddim bwydo drwy gydol y cyfnod ac erbyn i'r benyw ddychwelyd yn gwanwyn bydd wedi colli 45% o'i holl bwysau!

Casglai'r fforwyr cynnar i'r Antarctig bengwiniaid er mwyn eu bwyta, ond byddai rhai yn cael eu casglu fel arbrofion gwyddonol. Mae nifer yn y casgliadau yma yn Amgueddfa Cymru.

Pengwin Gentoo, Pwynt Waterboat, y Penrhyn Antarctig. Delwedd: T Sharpe

Un arall o'r pengwiniaid bach yw Pengwin Gentoo a'r pengwin Antarctig mwyaf prin gyda phoblogaeth o tua 300,000 pâr. Gwelir y rhan fwyaf o'r rhain ar ynysoedd is-Antarctig fel De Sandwich, De Shetland, De Orkney, Crozet a Heard. Yn wahanol i'r Adélie fodd bynnag, nid ydynt yn ddibynnol ar bacrew, ac wrth i'r Penrhyn Antarctig gynhesu mae'n ymddangos fel petai eu niferoedd yn cynyddu.

Pengwin Chinstrap yng nghasgliadau'r Amgueddfa.

Pengwin Chinstrap, Ynys Hanner Lleuad, y Penrhyn Antarctig. Delwedd: T Sharpe

Mae'r Pengwin Chinstrap tua'r un maint â'r Adélie ac mae'n hawdd ei adnabod o'r stribed neu strapen denau o dan ei ên. Dyma un o'r pengwiniaid mwyaf niferus ac amcangyfrifir bod tua 7 miliwn o barau bridio yn y byd! Mae rhai cytrefi anferth ar y penrhyn Antarctig gyda hyd at 200,000 o adar yn byw yn y cytrefi mwyaf.

Un o'r Pengwiniaid Ymerodrol a Pengwin Brenhinol Shackleton yn yr arddangosfa Antarctig hon o 1914, a gynhaliwyd gan yr Amgueddfa yn Neuadd y Dref.

Pengwin Brenhinol, yr Harbwr Aur, De Georgia. Delwedd: T. Sharpe

Llythyr gan Syr Ernest Shackleton i Gyfarwyddwr yr Amgueddfa

Pengwin Brenhinol a gyflwynwyd i'r Amgueddfa gan Syr Ernest Shackleton. Cafodd ei gasglu ar Alldaith Nimrod 1907-09, o Ynys Macquarie mwy na thebyg.

Y Pengwin Brenhinol yw'r rhywogaeth ail fwyaf gan gyrraedd taldra o tua 90cm a phwysau o 11-16 kg. Does dim yn byw ar gyfandir yr Antarctig gan eu bod yn ffafrio dŵr ychydig yn gynhesach. Maen nhw'n bridio ar ynysoedd is-Antarctig fel Crozet a Kerguelen yn Ne Cefnfor India; Ynys Macquarie rhwng Seland Newydd a'r Antarctig; ac Ynysoedd Falkland / Malfinas a De Georgia yn Ne Cefnfor yr Iwerydd.

Llawfeddyg George Murray Levick (1877-1956) ar Alldaith Antarctig Brydeinig Capten Scott 1910-13. Astudiodd Levick nythfa'r Pengwiniaid Adélie Penguin ym Mhenrhyn Adare ar arfordir Môr Ross yr Antarctig yn ystod haf 1911-12 tra oedd yno gyda Chriw'r Gogledd. Cyhoeddodd Levick y gyfrol: Antarctic Penguins. A study of their social habits ym 1914 ar sail ei arsylwadau o nythfa'r pengwiniaid ym Mhenrhyn Adare.

Ffotograff o Bengwiniaid Ymerodrol a dynnwyd gan Frederick Gillies yn Nhir y Frenhines Mary, yr Antarctig ym 1912. Gillies oedd Prif Beiriannydd yr Aurora, llong hela morfilod o Newfoundland gynt a ddefnyddiwyd ar Alldaith Antarctig Awstralasiaidd 1911-14. Ganwyd Gillies yng Nghaerdydd gan dreulio'i brentisiaeth fel peiriannydd ar longau stêm John Shearman and Company a P. Baker and Company of Cardiff

Pengwiniaid Ymerodrol a chywion, Môr Ross, yr Antarctig. Delwedd: T Sharpe

Pengwin Adélie yng nghasgliadau'r Amgueddfa. Pengwin Adélie yw'r unig bengwin Antarctig arall o'r iawn ryw. Mae tua hanner maint y Pengwin Ymerodrol ac yn pwyso rhwng 4 a 6 kg. Ymddengys bod newid hinsawdd yn y Penrhyn Antarctig yn effeithio ar Bengwiniaid Adélie. Dim ond pan fo digonedd o bacrew yn y môr y gall Pengwin Adélie ffynnu. Wrth i'r penrhyn gynhesu mae llai o bacrew ar gael ganol haf ac mae'r Pengwiniaid yn symud ymhellach i'r de i aros gyda'r pacrew

Peter Howlett a Tom Sharpe

Dr Graham Oliver and Dr Andy Mackie from the Department of Biodiversity and Systematic Biology have been offered the chance to take part in a research cruise to the Arctic waters of northern Norway. This cruise is part of the Mareano project, which aims to map the bathymetry, sedimentology and biology of the seabed around Norway. Graham and Andy will be looking for deep water bivalves and ploychaete worms to augment their research here.

Graham takes up the story:

Our ship is in port and we are now on board waiting to depart for the research area south of the Lofoten Islands. Once there we will be taking samples from depths between 200 and 2500metres.

We have arrived in late spring but already the days are long with the sun coming up well before 5am, but then we are north of the Arctic Circle. The snow is still lying thickly but the bright weather makes the mountainous backdrop really spectacular.

We sail around midnight and it will take 24 hours to reach our first station when we start our 12-hour shifts. Lets hope we can then show you the ship at work and hopefully some of the marine life in the Norwegian Sea.

In the meantime here is a flavour of Tromsø. The town is a mixture of old and new, all jumbled up and reflecting a boom time in the 1960’s. The wooden houses are typical of the old town and the Polar museum represents a most modern addition. The city is surrounded by rugged scenery of fjords and mountains. Our ship the GOSars is named after an eminent marine biologist and one of the most modern in the Norwegian research fleet.

We spent the last 24 hours doing little while a Force 9 gale stoped all sampling, waves were washing over the trawl deck. At last the beam trawl is out now and sampling at just under 2000m. We have completed one station at 660m.

At every station we take samples with a Van Veen grab, a box core, a beam trawl and an epibenthic sledge. The grab and box core are launched from the hangar which is in the middle of the ship, and the doors open close to the sea level. The sledge and trawl are launched off the trawl deck at the stern of the ship. The pictures show the hangar with doors closed and a remote video camera array in the corner. With the doors open the Van Veen grab is launched by the crew, not the scientists, we have no intention of falling into the Arctic waters.

The first beam trawl from 660m is now up and our first sight of life in the Norwegian Sea is on deck. This sample has many kinds of starfish and brittlestars of stunning colours along with an angler fish.

We have stopped and started since Monday due to bad weather and with waves up to 8.5 metres the ship cannot launch the sampling gear. It has also been snowing!  It is very difficult to show the sea in still photos but views from the bridge give some idea.

The GO Sars is a modern research ship with dynamic positioning; this gives impressive accuracy for sampling and bottom photography as well as returning to an exact position for repeat sampling. We have managed a deep station over 2200m with the beam trawl and the sample has some strange fish along with crustaceans and starfishes of many kinds.

A sledge haul from the same site came up with four purple sea urchins along with three of the bivalves that I had come to collect. Hopefully colleagues in Paris will be able to identify the symbiotic bacteria that live in the gills of the bivalve.

We will now move to shallower water where sampling will be quicker, not the 4 hours it takes to do a trawl in abyssal depths.